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Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to diagrams; numbers in bold type refer to Glossary entries.
allowed states 72, 91, 140, 227, 271, 272 and electrons 61, 63, 64, 73 and ions 133 and photons 73, 85, 208 Angelo, Jack 258 antimatter 221, 231, 271 Aspect, Alain 187–93, 258, 259–60, 275 atoms: emissions of photons 65, 227, 236 solar-system model 60–62 Bell, John 168, 169, 177 Bell’s theorem 177–186, 181, 187, 258, 271, 273, 275 and Aspect experiments 187–194 Binnig, Gerd 160 black holes, and Hawking radiation 222, 252, 274 Black Light Power 250–1 Bohm, David 97, 186–7 Bohr, Niels 5, 272 and Einstein 166–168, 171, 173, 176 and Heisenberg 171n., 270 and quantum model of hydrogen 60–62, 251, 281 see also Copenhagen interpretation Casimir forces 65 chaos theory 75 Chopra, Deepak 253–6 classical physics: and Bohr’s model 60–62 and Copenhagen interpretation 92 definition 3–4, 280 and energy 147–151, 156–7 and interpretation 71 and locality 174 and measurement 132 and momentum 13, 276–7 and particles and waves 12–20 and probability 76 and teleportation 199, 203–5 and uncertainty 46–49 Clauser, John 187n.. coding, dense 220 coherence 114–17, 271–2 Compton, Arthur Holly 29, 31–32 computer, quantum 194, 217–8, 246–7, 263, 279 consciousness, and quantum teleportation 217 conservation of energy 149–81, 152–3, 272 Copenhagen interpretation 69, 91, 272 and decoherence 123, 125, 276 and measurement 92–97, 103, 123, 256 and wavefunction collapse 92–97, 104, 105, 122, 134–5, 256 corral pattern 162, 163 cryptography 194, 218–9, 247, 263 Davisson, Clinton 33, 35, 36, 37 de Broglie, Louis Victor Pierre Raymond 32, 36, 61 de Broglie relation 34, 277 decoherence 100–03, 108–18, 272, 272–3, 276 and entangled states 169–70 and environment 116, 118–23, 169n., 259 and reality 123–6 diffraction 12, 273 of electrons 34, 35, 36 and light waves 21–22, 23 of molecules 38–9, 39 of neutrons 36–7 and sound waves 20–21, 21 duplication at a distance see quantum teleportation Einstein, Albert 4, 273, 275 and Bohr 166–168, 171, 173, 176 and de Broglie 32 and photoelectric effect 27–29, 31, 277 and randomness 75, 107, 170 and relativity 29, 174n., 228, 280 and uncertainty 170, 254 Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paradox 169, 171–2, 173, 186, 193, 219, 273 electrodynamics see quantum electrodynamics electrons: and allowed states 61, 63, 64, 73 diffraction 34, 35, 36 electric dipole moment 243 mass 38 momentum 33, 37, 47, 48–49 as particles 36n., 40–41 and photoelectric effect 27, 28, 31–2 and positrons 230, 234, 235, 238–9, 241, 252 and solar-system model 60–62 and spin 240 and tunneling 156–60, 159, 161–2 and uncertainty principle 47, 48–9, 60–3 wavelength 33, 34, 37–8 as waves 33–7, 40–1, 61–2, 163 and zero-point energy 64–6 see also quantum electrodynamics energy 273 in classical physics 147–51 conservation 149–51, 152–3, 272 free 245–9 kinetic 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 155, 156–7, 250, 275 and mass 31, 148, 195, 229–30 potential 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 156–7, 159, 250, 278 vacuum 252 and wavefunctions 153 zero-point 64–6, 148n., 221–2, 230, 245–6, 249–51, 283 energy–time uncertainty 221–2, 224–8, 230–1, 235–6, 273, 282 entanglement 165–94, 274 and Aspect experiments 187–93, 188, 190, 192, 258, 259–60 and Bell’s theorem 177–86, 213 and correlation 166–7, 169–70, 177–86, 194, 198, 258, 259–60 and EPR paradox 171–6 and homeopathy 260–2 and nonlocality 173–6, 186, 187–94, 198–9, 207–8, 219, 259 and teleportation 205–15, 216 environment, and interference 116–7, 118–23, 260 EPR see Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paradox Everett, Hugh III, and many-worlds interpretation 5, 100, 105–7, 276 fax machines 199–200 Feynman, Richard 5, 96, 233, 270, 279 Feynman diagram 233–5, 238–40, 274, 282 Frayn, Michael, Copenhagen 270 frequency, measurement 225–7 Fresnel, Augustin 24 g-factor 240–2, 274 Gabrielse, Gerald 240–1 Gamow, George 270 Germer, Lester 33, 35, 36, 37–40 Gilder, Louisa 269 Gleick, James 270 Greenstein, George and Zajonc, Arthur G. 270 gyromagnetic ratio 240–42, 274 Harris, Sidney 104 Hawking radiation 222, 252, 274–5 health: distant healing 258–62 and quantum physics 253–57 Heisenberg, Werner and Bohr 171n., 270 and measurement 76n., 93 uncertainty principle 5, 43–66, 224, 273 Heisenberg microscope 46–9, 171n., 271 Heisenberg relationship 58–9 Herbert, Nick 255n. Hertz, Heinrich 226n. homeopathy, and entanglement 260–2 hydrogen, Bohr model 60–2, 251, 281 IBM: Almaden research laboratory 162 and quantum teleportation 205 and scanning tunneling microscope 160 indeterminacy: and entanglement 212 and measurement 3, 167–8, 175, 206, 255–6 and polarization 179, 183, 206, 206, 209, 212 and teleportation 198 information 220, 254 interference 34, 168, 275, 281 and decoherence 108–18 and environment 116–7, 118–23, 120, 260 and light waves 23, 29, 86–90, 87, 110–17, 118–23 and molecules 38–9, 39 and neutron diffraction 37 and sound waves 18 interferometer 109–10, 111, 114–17, 115, 119–21 interpretations see Copenhagen interpretation; many-worlds interpretation; ‘shut up and calculate’ interpretation; transactional interpretation interrogation, quantum 136–41, 192n., 280 ions, and quantum Zeno effect 132–5, 135 Itano, W. M. 132, 135n. Kimble, Dagenais, and Mandel 32n. kinetic energy 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 155, 156–7, 250, 275 Kinoshita, Toichiro 241n. Kwiat, Paul 192n. Large Hadron Collider 243 Lewis, David Kellogg 223n. LHV theory see local hidden variable theory light: and diffraction 21–2, 23 and interference 23, 29, 86–90, 87, 110–17, 118–23 as particle 14, 24–32, 84–5 polarization 78–85, 89–90, 203–5, 204, 278 quantum theory 4–5 spectrum 25 as wave 20–4, 27, 79, 84, 85 wavelength 21, 29, 30–1, 48 see also photons Lindley, David 269 local hidden variable theory 173–6, 271, 275 and Aspect experiments 187–93, 188, 190 and Bell’s theorem 177–86 locality 167, 174 Mach–Zehnder interferometer 109n. magic, and quantum mechanics 245–9, 251, 263–4 many-worlds interpretation 5, 97, 99–126, 272, 276 and decoherence 108–123 and wavefunction branches 100–1, 108, 109–14, 117, 124–5, 129, 136, 256 and wavefunction collapse 105–8, 122, 124–5 mass: and energy 31, 148, 195, 229–30 of molecules 39 mathematics: and Copenhagen interpretation 93–4, 103–4, 105 and wavefunctions 48–9, 58–9, 71, 72–3, 94–5, 106 see also Schrödinger equation measurement 276 in classical physics 132 and correlation 169, 177–85, 194, 258 and decoherence 118–23, 169n. and determination of state 43–6, 53, 72, 76–8, 85–90, 91, 94–7, 129, 131–4, 140 of frequency 225–7 and health and healing 254–6 limitations 46, 59 macroscopic 92 of photons 85, 86–90, 201–2 and quantum eraser 78–9, 86–90, 279 and quantum interrogation 136–41, 192n. and quantum Zeno effect 128–9, 131–40, 135, 168–9, 253, 256 and teleportation 206, 207–8, 212–15 and uncertainty principle 43–9, 47, 50–7, 65, 171 see also Copenhagen interpretation; many-worlds interpretation medicine, alternative 253–61 meditation 256–7 Mermin, David 96n. microscopes: electron 48n. scanning tunneling (STM) 160–4, 162, 163 Milgrom, Lionel R. 261–2 Millikan, Robert 29, 32 Mills, Randell 250 modern physics 4, 276 molecules, wave nature 38–9, 39, 94 momentum 276–7 angular 65 in classical physics 13, 276–7 and electrons 33, 37, 47, 48–9 and kinetic energy 153, 155 and photons 30–1, 47, 48–9 and position 43–9, 51–3, 57–60, 61, 155, 225, 282 and uncertainty principle 43–9, 52–3, 61–4, 170–2 and wavelength 13, 48, 50–2, 57–8, 152–5 motion: Newtonian laws 3, 14, 73 and Zeno’s paradox 130, 132 muon 241–2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 132–3 neutrons, as waves 37 Newton, Sir Isaac: and light 24 and motion 3, 14, 73 Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen 215–6 NIST see National Institute of Standards and Technology no-cloning theorem 203, 204, 205–6, 212, 277 nonlocality: and distant healing 258–62 and entanglement 168, 173–6, 186, 187–94, 198–9, 259 and teleportation 205, 207–8, 219 observation, and wavefunction collapse 69, 92–3, 107–8, 102 Oerter, Robert 270 oscillation: and light waves 23, 25–6, 79–80, 110–11, 227 measurement 225–7 Park, Bob 250 particle–wave duality 11–42, 277 and allowed states 61, 63 and classical physics 13–20 and light and sound 20–32, 84 and quantum eraser 86 and uncertainty principle 43–9, 60 and wavefunction probability 50–7 particles: and antiparticles 271 in classical physics 12–20 collision 15, 29, 47, 48 and electrons 33–37, 40–1 entangled 166–94, 274, 280 and frequency 29 and light 24–32 mass 39 and quantum tunneling 143–164 as waves 32–41, 147, 164 see also antimatter; photons; virtual particles Penning trap 241 Penrose, Roger 217 perpetual motion machines 249–50, 252 philosophy, and quantum physics 5–6, 46, 74, 91, 176, 272 photoelectric effect, quantum theory 5n., 27–9, 32, 277 photons 40–1, 277 and allowed states 73, 85, 208 emissions 53, 194, 202 and environment 116–7, 118–23 infrared 180–2, 181 measurement 85, 86–90 and momentum 30–31, 47, 48–9 and photoelectric effect 28–9 and quantum Zeno effect 136–40, 137 and teleportation 201–5, 212–15 virtual 238–9, 241 and wavefunction 85, 86, 113, 121, 201 as waves 40–1 see also light; polarization physics see classical physics; modern physics; quantum physics Planck, Max 4, 24–6, 277, 281–2 Planck’s constant (h) 277–8 and light 25–6, 28–30 and uncertainty principle 59, 224 and wavelength 38 Podolsky, Boris 169, 273, 275 polarization 78–85, 80, 88–9, 177–84, 188–91, 278 and indeterminacy 179, 183, 207, 207, 209, 212 and teleportation 201–3, 208–10, 212–15 polarizer/polarizing filter 82–5, 88–9, 177–9, 184, 188–91, 212–15, 278 position: and momentum 43–9, 51–3, 57–60, 61, 155, 224, 282 and uncertainty principle 43–9, 52–3, 61–4, 170–2 and wavefunction probability 49–57 potential energy 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 156–7, 159, 250, 278 barrier 158n. Pratchett, Terry, Lords and Ladies 95n. probability 278 classical distribution 70 and tunneling 156–60, 161, 164 and wavefunction 49–57, 72, 73–4, 76–7, 85, 87–8, 91, 113, 124, 154 protons: and antiprotons 230–1 as waves 37 QED see quantum electrodynamics quantum 26–7, 73 quantum computer 164, 218–9, 248, 263, 279 quantum electrodynamics (QED) 5, 233–36, 274, 279 experimental verification 237–42 and hydrogen 251 quantum eraser 78–9, 86–90, 279 quantum field theory 186, 258, 279 quantum interrogation 136–141, 192n., 279 quantum leap 73 quantum mechanics see quantum physics quantum optics 2 quantum physics: definition 3, 4, 279 and free energy 249–53 and health 253–62 as magic 245–9, 251, 263–4 misuses 245–65 quantum potential 186 quantum state see state Quantum Tantra 255n. quantum teleportation 194, 195–220, 273, 280 applications 216–20 and classical physics 199, 203–5 and entanglement 205–15, 216 experimental demonstration 212–16 and homeopathy 261–2 limitations 200–03 quantum uncertainty see uncertainty principle quantum Zeno effect 127–41, 280, 280 and measurement 131–40, 135, 168–9 and quantum interrogation 136–141, 192n. and Zeno’s paradox 129–30 quarks 228, 241n. qubits 218, 261 radiation, thermal 25, 281–2 randomness 74–6, 86, 102, 116–18, 194, 256 and Einstein 75, 107, 170 and many-worlds interpretation 102, 116–18, 124–5 reality: and classical physics 71 and decoherence 123–26 limits 49, 57–60 and measurement 95–6 and quantum physics 6, 93 relativity 5–6, 30, 174n., 228, 280 special 29–30 Rohrer, Heinrich 160 Rosen, Nathan 169, 273, 275 Schrödinger equation 72–3, 91, 94, 125, 251, 280 and potential energy 153 and wavefunction collapse 104, 105–6 Schrödinger, Erwin 72n. Schrödinger’s cat 5, 68–9, 94, 209, 229, 281 Schwinger, Julian 5, 223n., 279 Scientific American 86n. semiclassical arguments 281 and uncertainty principle 46–49 ‘shut up and calculate’ interpretation 96–7, 104 Snow, Tiffany 259 solids, quantum theory 62–3 sound: and diffraction 20–21, 21, 273 and particle–wave duality 20–4 and wavelength 20–1, 21 spin 240 state 69–70, 197, 281 allowed 61, 63, 64, 72, 73, 91, 208, 271, 272 classical 69–70 entangled 168–64 and measurement see measurement and teleportation 197–9, 213–16, 217–18, 280 and uncertainty principle 57 see also superposition states STM see microscopes, scanning tunneling (STM) superposition states 68–9, 78, 105, 230, 276, 281 and decoherence 123–4 and measurement 91, 129, 174–5, 208–9 and polarization of light 79–86, 201–2 and quantum electrodynamics 237–40 and quantum eraser 86–90 and teleportation 215, 216 and wavefunction 201 tau particles 241n. Tegmark, Max 222 teleportation see quantum teleportation temperature, and energy 148 Thompson, George Paget 36 Thomson, J. J. 36n. time: Planck time 232n.. see also energy–time uncertaint Tomonaga, Shin-Ichiro 232n. 279 transactional interpretation 97 tunneling 62, 143–64, 282 and scanning tunneling microscope 160–4, 162, 163 turning point 152, 153–4 uncertainty 155, 157 uncertainty principle 5, 43–66, 166, 282 energy–time uncertainty 221–2, 224–8, 230–1, 235–6, 273, 282 and limits of reality 49, 57–60 and position and momentum 43–9, 51–3, 57–60, 61, 155, 224, 282 and semiclassical arguments 46–9 and zero-point energy 64–6 universes, parallel see many-worlds interpretation velocity: and kinetic energy 148–149 and particles 15, 152 and uncertainty principle 43–4, 47, 48, 57–8, 63 and waves 17 virtual particles 6, 65, 221–2, 229, 282 and antimatter 221, 230, 271 experimental verification 237–43 and quantum electrodynamics 233–36, 238–43, 274, 279 and uncertainty principle 229 and zero-point energy 221–2, 224, 230–1, 251 wave packet 52–7 wavefunction 45, 71–9, 282–3 branches 100–1, 108–15, 117, 124–5, 129, 136, 256 coherence 114–17 decoherence 100–3, 108–18, 121 and Heisenberg relationships 58–9 infinite-sum 57 one-part 78, 87, 89–90, 105 and potential energy 153 and probability 49–57, 72, 73–4, 76–7, 85, 87–8, 91, 113, 124, 154, 282–3 and Schrödinger equation 72–3, 91, 280 and tunneling 158, 159 two-part 78, 87–89, 89–90, 133, 138 and uncertainty 74 wavefunction collapse 272, 276 and Copenhagen interpretation 92–7, 104, 105, 122, 134–5, 256 and many-worlds interpretation 105–8, 122, 124–5 and measurement 68, 92–6, 124, 129 no-collapse interpretations 93n. and observer 68, 93 and Schrödinger equation 104, 105–6 wavelength 12–13, 17, 79 and diffraction 21–21, 21, 34, 273 and electrons 33, 34, 37–8, 158 and light 21, 29, 30–1, 48 and momentum 13, 48, 50–2, 57–8, 152–5 and particles/mass 39 and sound 20–21, 21 and uncertainty principle 53–7 waves: amplitude 16–17, 79, 80 in classical physics 16–19 and coherence 271–2 diffraction 20–22, 23, 273 frequency 17, 25–8, 79, 225 and interference patterns 18, 22, 23, 275 see also light; particle–wave duality; sound Wigner, Eugene, “friend” experiment 94–5 Wineland, D. J. 132, 134 Wootters, William 202, 205 Young, Thomas 22–4, 34, 36, 40, 86 Zeilinger, Anton 38–9, 39, 213–5, 214 Zeno of Elea 130 zero-point energy 148n., 245–6, 283 and free energy schemes 249–51 and uncertainty 60–66, 230–1 and virtual particles 221, 224 Zurek, Wojchiech 202请支持我们，让我们可以支付服务器费用。
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