第19页 | How China Became Capitalist | 阅读 ‧ 电子书库

Index

Abbasid Empire, 199Alchian, Armen, 131Alfred, William, 101alienation, 6, 98Anhui province, 47, 48, 77, 200Small Hill village (Xiaogang Cun), 47, 51, 216Annual Book of the Chinese Private Economy, 55anti-spiritual pollution campaign, 93see also spiritual pollutionanti-traditionalism, 8, 19–20see also traditionanti-rightist movement, 10–11, 15, 23, 195–6, 212Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 175asset stripping, 137Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), 109austerity program, 93, 104–5, 111, 113, 123authoritarian capitalism, 174

 

Ba Mountain Boat Conference, 108Baghdad, see Abbasid EmpireBalcerowicz, Leszek, 147Ban, Gu, 122Bank of China, 91, 189Bankruptcy Law, 101, 133Barber, Lionel, 184Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 2bird-cage economy, see under Chen, Yunbirth control, see one-child policyblack market, 88, 125Bo, Yibo, 10Boao Forum, 176Book of Lord Shang, see under rightsBook of Master Shen, see under rightsBraun, Otto, 3–4Britain, 16, 155–6, 189, 202Brus, Wlodzimierz, 33, 108Buddhism, 178, 201bureaucracyas government apparatus, 19, 46, 129, 165, 190as administrative innovation, 21, 197double asymmetry of power and information in, 196

 

Cairncross, Alexander, 108Capital Steel Company, 44, 120capitalism with Chinese characteristics, 148, 180, 188, 199, 200capitalist roaders, 7, 8, 24, 25Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 104Central Party School, 8, 24, 122Hu Yaobang and, 24, 25, 32, 66Tian Jiyun’s talk at, 120central planning, see state planningChang’an, 198Changsha, 116, 122, 145experiment of reforming state enterprises, 134–5, 167Chao, K.P., 35Chen, Guang, 131–2Chen, Yinke, 10Chen, Yunbird-cage economy, 74, 219growing up in Shanghai, 70objection to economic leap, 30on Special Economic Zones, 83–4on socialism, 73–5, 105, 157on pragmatism, 80, 121Cheung, Steven NS, x, 131, 138on institutional change, 163–4, 167prediction of China’s move to capitalism, 36, 188, 197, 198, 200visit to Central Party School, 8Chi, Biqing, 47, 216Chiang, Kai-shek, 3, 4, 5, 22, 209see also KuomintangChina Merchants, 60–1, 63see also Shekou Industrial Park; Yuan, GengChinese Communist Party, 3, 174, 177as political Frankenstein, 10–11, 18monopoly of power, 10, 93, 103, 175in contrast to intelligentsia, 8–9, 211its Chineseness, 177–8revolutionary origins of, 3–4, 11, 195suffering double alienation, 5–6see also 1978 Communiqué; Deng, Xiaoping; Hu, Yaobang; Hua, Guofeng; Mao, Zedong; Organization Department of the Central Committee; Zhao, ZiyangChinese legal system, 193rebuilding of, 99–103legal democracy, 100, 102rule by law, 101, 102–3 compare rule of lawChinese universities, 123, 190–3, 199commercialization of higher education at, 190–1great leap in higher education, 191lack of autonomy, 191–3piece-rate compensation implemented at, 192Project 221 and Project 985, 192South University of Science and Technology, 192–3Chrysler, 144, 150class analysis, see under Mao, Zedongclass struggle, 20, 37, 115, 121–2, 153, 176, 210Coase, Ronald, 131, 153collective ownership, see public ownershipcollectivization, 5, 7, 14, 49, 98, 153, 2121978 Communiqué, 36–40, 42, 154, 162, 193see also 3rd Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee (1978)common national market, 144, 149, 169–70, 171see also market disciplinecommune, 7, 12, 14, 51, 68, 148commune and brigade enterprises, see under township and village enterprisescommune canteen, see under Great Leap ForwardCommunist International (Comintern), 3, 4, 195, 209Communist Manifesto, 176comparative advantage, 36, 145see also law of comparative advantagecomparative static analysis, 164competitionproduct innovation as, 138role of firms and markets in, 138–9factors undermining, 169–70, 182–3see also market discipline; regional competitioncompulsory economic plan, see under state planningConfucianism, 6, 9, 122, 177, 178, 187, 198, 201Confucius, 177his bronze statue in Tiananmen Square, 201, 229on benevolence as foundation of social harmony, 187on governance, 201, 228on learning, 197, 206corruption, 88, 94, 183creative destruction, see Schumpeter, Josephcredits, 56, 82, 90, 91, 92, 104, 108, 181, 182crony capitalism, 174Crystal Palace, see Great Exhibition (1851)Cultural Revolution, 1, 18–20, 22, 24, 27–8, 66, 102, 208

 

Dang, 195dangdang.com, 187Datong, see under Kang, YouweiDazhai, 26, 47, 68decentralizationMao’s efforts of, 13–14, 20its defects, 42, 43, 144, 147as Chinese political tradition, 20–1, 147, 1771984 Decision on Economic System Reform, 85, 96, 108, 1241993 Decision on Issues Regarding the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic System, 133decollectivization, 46, 48, 52, 76–7see also household responsibility system; marginal revolutions; private farmingdelegating rights and sharing profits, see under enterprise reformdemocracy, 6, 7, 19, 26, 100, 102, 198–9, 229see also under market for ideasdemocratization, 26, 174, 198Demsetz, Harold, 131Deng, Tianyuan, 46–7Deng, Xiaopingduring 1974–1975, 28in 1989 Students Movement, 94, 95on China’s gradualist approach, 161–2on essence of Marxism, 120–1, 122on political reform, 26, 76, 100relation to Chen Yun, 79–80, 84, 121Southern Tour, 115–19, 151–2visit abroad in 1978–1979, 33, 34visit of Guangdong in 1977, 60visit of Shenzhen in 1984, 83Deng, Zihui, 49, 98diversitycultural, 176, 180institutional, 51, 52organizational, 51division of labor, 86, 87, 96, 144, 201, 206do not give up a good deed because it is trivial; do not commit a misconduct because it is trivial (bu yi shan xiao er bu wei; bu yi e xiao er wei zi), 187dual structure of reform, 163, 164, 166, 167see also two reforms in China’s market transformation; marginal revolutionsdual substitution, see under enterprise reformdual track pricing, 88, 124–5, 167, 170corruption created by, 94exposing state enterprises to market, 124in agriculture, 87in oil industry, 168growth of non-state sectors facilitated by, 108, 125price distortion resulted from, 126, 168duplicative investment, 144–5, 169, 173as condition for regional competition, 173–4as mechanism of social learning, 145–6see also economies of localization; regional competition; social learning

 

economic crime, 75, 77–8, 79economic man, 206economies of localization, 143–4, 146see also duplicative investment; industrial parks; regional competitioneconomies of scale, 45, 52, 146, 173–4internal and external economies, 146, 174efficiency, 18static versus dynamic, 169emancipation of the mind, 96, 98, 199emigration, 60entrepreneurship, 65, 140, 159–60, 163, 175, 178, 181, 200, 201enterprise reformdelegating rights and sharing profits, 126, 129, 158, 170dual substitution in Changsha, 134–5experiment in Sichuan, 43–4holding on to the big and letting go the small, 133horizontal economic integration, 89–90managerial responsibility system, 126, 167, 168privatization in Zhucheng, 131–2export promotion, 36 Compare import substitutionsee also trade promotionexternal economies, see under economies of scale

 

factor market, 71, 138, 142, 169, 173as condition for firms’ competition, 138–9family farming, see private farming; household responsibility systemfatal conceit, 80, 155, 225China’s accidental avoidance of, 155see also under Hayek, F.A.feedback mechanism, 169, 170fengjian, 21, 213Ferguson, Adam, 154First Emperor of Qin, 182, 195see also Qin Dynasty (221–207 B.C.)Five Year Plan, 5, 30, 73, 177, 210, 214Fogel, Robert, 180, 202foreign capital, 84–5, 110, 149–51, 157, 194change in policy on, 30–1see also foreign direct investmentforeign direct investment, 33, 35, 63, 149, 179benefits of, 149–51see also foreign capitalFortune Global 500, 181–2four modernizations, 33, 34, 38as intended goal of reform, 23, 66, 205Deng’s embracement of, 28Hua’s launch of, 26–7, 29, 41, 157Zhou Enlai’s proposal of, 27, 39see also socialist modernizationFranklin, Benjamin, 164free enterprise economy, 169freedom of expression, 94see also freedom of speech; market for ideasfreedom of speech, 198see also freedom of expression; market for ideasFriedman, Milton, 32, 192Fujian province, 24, 63

 

Gang of Four, 22, 23, 24, 41, 98Gehrig, Willner, 85General Motors (GM), 145, 150, 151, 189globalization, 109, 201glorious project (guancai shiye), 123Great Leap Forward, 6, 7, 14–18, 20, 49, 54, 212administrative decentralization as a cause of, 17backyard furnace and labor misallocation during, 16ban on migration as cause of famine during, 16–17Chen Yun’s critique of, 74, 80commune canteen as cause of famine during, 14–15, 148disagreement between Mao and Liu on, 17, 212fabrication of agricultural production during, 15giving rise to private farming, 49–50introducing rural industrialization, 54media control as cause of, 15–16, 17Great Exhibition (1851), 189grid structure of supervision, see under state owned enterprisesGu, Mu, 31, 32, 33, 61Gu, Zhun, 43, 117guanxi, 170Guangdong province, 24, 35, 59–62, 63, 84, 101, 116–18, 119, 160see also Shenzhen; Special Economic Zones; Southern TourGuizhou province, 47, 49, 216

 

Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.), 122, 196Hayek, F.A.on allocation as a discovery process, 137on democracy, 229on fatal conceit, 155, 225on problem of knowledge, 18, 225on social facts, 184on unintended consequences, x, 225household registration system, see hukouhousehold responsibility system, 46, 50, 51, 53, 68, 76, 87, 136, 158see also decollectivization; marginal revolutions; private farmingHong Kong, 60, 61, 181, 182, 195, 202, 204as China’s window to capitalism, 32, 35, 59, 62, 84, 149, 150as destiny of illegal Chinese emigrants, 59–60, 159, 160Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 135Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 192Hu, Feng, 3, 10Hu, Jintao, 176Hu, Jiwei, 24Hu, Yaobang, 123, 155in debate on practice, 24, 25, 66rehabilitation campaign, 24resignation, 93–4Hua, Guofeng, 22–7, 40, 80, 157hukou, 7, 181human capital, 145, 146, 181, 194, 203human nature, 187, 206

 

identity, 97–8, 154idiosyncratic constraints, 72, 126, 167, 170compare soft budget constraint“Imperial Sword”, 101import substitution, 36 compare export promotionincremental reform, 161incentives, 76, 136, 137, 170, 192individual economy (geti jingji), 58, 65see also private economyIndustrial and Commercial Bank of China, 91, 189industrial parks, 139–40as instrument of regional competition, 143, 146its administrative structure, 141role of local governments, 142see also economies of localization; economies of scale; regional competitioninflation, 45, 92, 104, 108information cost, see under transaction costInstitute of Economic Affairs (IEA), ix, xinstitutional change, 50–1, 163–4, 213bottom-up versus top-down approach in, 52piecemeal versus big bang approach in, 154–5role of interests versus ideas in, 97institutional diversity, see under diversityinstitutional facts, see social factsinstitutions, 130, 183–4, 203as instruments versus identity, 97–8internal economies, see under economies of scaleintellectuals (shi), 9–10, 19, 25, 197–8investment hunger, 91IPO (initial public offering), 135iron bowl, 89, 123, 134, 135, 175

 

Japan, 3, 4, 19, 100, 150, 189, 191, 199, 202Chinese officials’ visit to, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 62, 63, 72Japan Economic Journal, 83Liberal Democratic Party, 2Jiang, Qing, 22, 28see also Gang of FourJiang, Zemin, 175–6joint-stock company, 90justice, 184–6, 215–16junxian, 21, 147, 213 compare fengjian

 

Kang, Youwei, 177impact on Mao Zedong, 227Datong and Xiaokang, 177Kashi, 64Khrushchev, 11, 16Knight, Frank, 187–8Kohl, Helmut, 161Kornai, Janos, 108Korean War, 14, 27Kuomintang, 3, 5, 195, 209, 218see also Chiang, Kai-shek; Sun, Yat-sen

 

labor market, 89–90, 133, 134, 181labor mobility, 31, 55, 181labor productivity, 71–2, 137, 181, 188, 189, 203Land Reform, 5, 7, 68, 210Lao Tzu, 201law of comparative advantage, 144law of one price, 169Leap Outward, 31, 46, 80, 160Chen Yun’s ending of, 157defects of, 157–8Hua’s launching of, 29–30, 41in contrast to enterprise reform, 65, 158–9, 162compare Ten Year PlanLee, Kuan Yew, 33–4Legalism, 198legitimacy, 29, 40, 52, 67, 82, 175, 193, 220, 228Lenin, 11, 12, 19, 40Lerner, Abba, 6–7Li, Peng, 105–7, 123Li, Xiannian, 22, 29, 42, 61, 83–4Liang, Shuminconfrontation with Mao, 10on tradition, 201Lin, Biao, 27Liu, Guoguang, 81Liu, Shaoqi, 7–8, 17, 27, 98, 100, 208local corporatism, 143local protectionism, 69, 171local experiments, 112–13, 147–8see also regional competition; pilot citieslocal governmentsas providers of organizational services, 142, 146, 173competition for loans, 91during Great Leap Forward, 15, 18Mao on, 13relation with state enterprises, 44, 69–71, 129, 131, 143, 170role in township and village enterprise, 55, 58see also regional competitionlocal public goods, 9, 77, 141, 171, 173Lushan Meeting, 27, 49

 

Macau, 32, 35, 61, 62, 63Madsen, Richard, 176mandarins, 34, 197mandate of heaven, 175Mao, Zedongand Anti-Rightist Movement, 10and Cultural Revolution, 18–21and Great Leap Forward, 14–18class analysis, 121–2conflicting legacies of, 2, 53, 56, 147, 156critiques of centralization, 11, 12–13in relation to Moscow, 4–5On Practice, 121On the Ten Major Relationships, 12–13, 28, 29, 37, 39, 73“power of government comes out of the barrel of a gun”, 195troubled relations with intellectuals, 8–10marginal revolutions, 65, 67, 109, 159–61, 164–5see also dual structure of reform; private economy; private farming; Special Economic Zones; township and village enterprisesmaritime China, 63market discipline, 73, 79, 89, 144, 149, 169, 170, 171state enterprise with no, 72, 182township and village enterprises under, 136, 168, 172see also common national marketmarket for goods, 190, 193, 194, 203, 207market for ideasas undermined by habits of thought, 196–7distinction from democracy, 198–9in relation to innovation, 193–4in relation to market for goods, 194in relation to social harmony, 194roots in Chinese history, 197–8see also Chinese universitiesmarket selection, 79, 136Marshall, Alfredon demand and supply curves, 125on internal and external economies, see economies of scaleon organization, 142, 173Marx, Karl, 1, 11, 19, 62, 121, 155Marxism, 3, 9, 32, 81, 85, 98, 177, 196Deng’s re-interpretation of, 120–2, 156maximization, 187, 206media control, 15, 17, 18, 25, 84Menciuson “da zhang fu”, 197on pragmatism, 122migrant workers, 146, 151, 181migration, 7, 17, 181see also emigrationmixed economy, 5, 10, 65, 73see also socialist transitionmonopoly of truth, 148morality, 185, 187

 

National Comprehensive Economic System Reform, 44–5National Economic and Technological Development Zones, 140Naughton, Barry, 216, 226Neo-Confucianism, 178Nian, Guangjiu, 77–8Nissan, 33, 43, 72, 150, 189Nixon, Richard, 2, 28, 82North, Douglass, 131, 226

 

one-child policy, 180–1organizational capital, 51, 217Organization Department of the Central Committee, 24, 103, 148

 

paper companies, 87–8peaceful evolution, 76, 93, 107, 118Pearl River Delta, 63, 84, 111, 132, 150Peking University, 9, 201, 211, 228Peng, Dehuai, 27, 98People’s Bank of China, 90–1, 112People’s Construction Bank of China, 91Perkins, Dwight, 30Phelan, John, 112pilot citiesin National Comprehensive Economic System Reform, 44–5planned economy as primary, market adjustments as auxiliary, 74–5, 165political dissidents, 193Polo, Marco, 178Popper, Karl, 194pragmatism, 26, 28, 49, 80, 153Chen Yun on, 80, 121Chinese tradition of, 122Deng on, 121, 122, 180Hu Yaobang on, 25, 93Mao on, 121–2President Cleveland, 204price reformaborted attempt in mid 1980s, 92failed attempt in early 1980s, 72–3, 75of 1992, 124–5, 141“tiao” versus “fang”, 86see also dual track pricingprice distortions, 126, 127, 128, 168private economyas marginal revolution, 56–9discrimination against, 58, 123policy attack on, 78, 106–7see also economic crime; household responsibility system; marginal revolutions; privatization; returned youthprivate farmingas family of practices, 50as marginal revolution, 51, 158ban on and restrictions against, 48misrepresentations of, 49, 136, 161–2post-Mao case in Anhui, 47post-Mao case in Sichuan, 46–7under Mao, 49–50see also family farming; household responsibility system; marginal revolutionsprivatizationbenefits of, 137–8enterprise reform without, 88, 168first experiment of, 131–2ideological biases against, 130, 159practical considerations against, 133–4see also state owned enterprisesprivilege, 54, 56, 70, 94, 96, 135, 136, 193, 197product markets, see common national marketprocurement policy in agriculture, see unified procurement and redistributionproduction quota, 16, 45, 64, 87, 168production without products, 189156 Projects, 210property rights economics, 54, 97, 131, 172, 228Chinese economic reform and, 171–3reception in China, 131see also rightsPudong New Area, see under Shanghaipublic ownershipas essence of socialism, 86, 114, 151as formulated in traditional Chinese thinking, 177, 228defects of, 130, 131, 136, 182–3

 

Qian Xuesen, 9, 15, 191, 204“Qian puzzle”, 191Qin Dynasty (221–207 B.C.), 21, 178, 197see also First Emperor of QinQing Dynasty (1644–1911), 3, 62, 178quan-gui capitalism, 175

 

Reagan, Ronald, 82recommendatory economic plan, see under state planningred-hat firms, 58, 78regional competition, 138, 139, 171duplicative investment as mechanism of, 143–6epistemic preconditions for, 147–8local development models resulted from, 148–9local governments in, 140, 142, 173–4Ren, Zhongyi, 24repetitive investment, see duplicative investmentResolution to Strike Hard against Serious Economic Crime (1982), 75see also economic crimereturned youth, 57, 65, 68see also private economy; waiting to be employed (dai ye)Ricardo, David, 144rightists, 7, 10, 19, 24, 25, 42, 153, 196see also anti-rightist movementrights, 50, 54, 131, 135, 137, 183as institutional facts, 184Lord Shang on, 183Master Shen on, 183simultaneous delineation and transaction of, 172–3state in delineation and re-negotiation of, 69, 71, 173, 226rule of law, 19, 101, 102, 183 compare rule by law under Chinese legal system

 

savings, 90forced, 46Schumpeter, Joseph, 138seeking truth from facts, 6, 25, 40, 66, 156, 176as essence of Marxism, 121Chinese origins of, 122self-employment, 57, 156, 159, 161, 163see also marginal revolutions; private economy; returned youthSchell, Manfeld, 105Shanghai, 14, 44, 73, 84, 93excluded from special economic zones, 63, 119, 218Pudong New Area, 63, 111Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, 144–5Shanghai Feilo Acoustics Corporation, 90Shanghai International Settlement, 195Shanghai Stock Exchange, 112, 135State Assets Management Committee, 132–3Shantou, 61, 63see also Special Economic ZonesShashi, see pilot citiesShekou Industrial Park, 61, 63see also China Merchants; Yuan, GengShenyang, 45, 112, 130Shenzhenas exit for illegal emigrants, 59–60as Special Economic Zone, 63, 83, 110–11Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, 119Shenzhen Stock Exchange, 112–13, 135, 224tale of two Luofang villages, 60see also Southern Tour; Special Economic ZonesSichuan province, 14, 49, 56, 68, 132, 200first enterprise reform, 43–4, 158first private farming at Nine Dragon Village, 46–7, 51Sik, Ota, 33Silicon Valley, 143Sima, Qian, 201Smith, Adam, 16, 96, 187, 198, 206on benevolence, 187on division of labor, 144on inequality, 186on justice, 185–6on “man of system”, 180Theory of Moral Sentiments, 184, 186, 187, 205Wealth of Nations, 184Singapore, 32, 33–4, 35, 60, 62, 140social facts, 184, 227socialism with Chinese characteristics, 67, 123socialist transition, 12socialist modernization, 31, 37, 40, 41, 67, 96, 153, 154, 204see also four modernizationssocial learning, 145see also trial and errorsoft budget constraint, 170Song Dynasty (960–1280), 122, 178South Korea, 35, 63, 150, 174, 189, 202Southern Tour, see under Deng, XiaopingSpecial Economic Zonesas marginal revolution, 65, 160political dilemma created by, 83, 84Regulations for the Special Economic Zones in Guangdong Province, 62, 101setup of, 59–64spiritual pollution, 76, 81, 83, 93see also anti-spiritual pollution campaignStalin, 4–5, 11Stalinism, 2, 5, 20, 33, 74State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, 136, 224state-led capitalism, 175state owned enterprises, 13, 14, 32, 85, 88, 89as jewels of socialism, 36, 42, 53, 54, 55, 78–9as target of enterprise reform, 43–5, 64–5, 66–7, 73, 112, 129–30, 134–5, 158–9grid structure of supervision, 69–70idiosyncratic constraints faced by, 71inequality created by, 182its lack of autonomy, 43, 55–6, 72monopoly enjoyed by, 136, 182political risk created by, 183weaknesses of, 136–8compare township and village enterprisessee also enterprise reform; idiosyncratic constraints; privatizationstate planning, 37, 45as foundation of socialism, 75, 86, 154, 168, 179compulsory economic plan, 81defects of, 5marginal forces outside, 46, 64, 81, 106recommendatory economic plan, 81, 99state enterprises operating outside, 71, 88see also Five Year Plan; production quotastate quota, see production quotastructure of production, 139, 1421989 Students Movement, 94–6, 104, 107, 108, 151–2Sun, Yat-sen, 3see also KuomintangSun, Yefang, 43, 117

 

Taiwan, 4, 11, 35, 58, 60, 61, 63, 149, 150, 151, 174, 211Tang Dynasty (618–907), 178, 198Taoism, 198, 201taxproduct, 127, 128–9use of contract in collecting, 126–7value added, 128, 129tax reform, 146of 1983, 126of 1994, 127–9, 167, 170, 171Ten Year Plan (1976–1985), 29–30think-tank, 993rd Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee (1978), 36–40, 41–2, 64, 162see also 1978 Communiqué3rd Plenum of the Fourteenth Central Committee (1993), 131, 1333rd Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee (1984), 67, 85, 86, 91, 124, 162Tian, Jiyun, 119, 120tian xia wei gong, 195Tobin, James, 108township and village enterprises, 54, 81–2, 106as private enterprises, 55as successors of commune and brigade enterprises, 53–4reasons for success of, 55–6, 79, 136–7, 172trade promotion, 36see also export promotiontradition, 6, 19, 110, 177, 200, 201, 202, 203, 229see also anti-traditionalismtransaction cost, 79cost of exchange, 79cost of operating the market, 139cost of using the market, 169information cost, 79, 163trial and error, 137, 168, 173see also social learningtwo reforms in China’s market transformation, 156, 159see also dual structure of reform; marginal revolutionstyranny of the majority, 198

 

unified procurement and redistribution, 7, 64, 77, 86–7United States of America (USA), 2, 16, 150, 180, 188, 189, 202, 204as favorite destiny for Chinese college students, 82–3, 191Chinese officials’ visit to, 22, 32, 33, 42, 62, 82manufacturing sector of, 189–90urbanization, 180, 181

 

waiting to be employed (dai ye), 68, 134see also returned youthWal-Mart, 189Wan, Li, 47, 48, 49Wang, Fu, 196Wang, Zhen, 155–6, 225Wen, Jiaobaoon Adam Smith, 184–5on dignity and happiness, 204–5on Theory of Moral Sentiments, 186–7Wenzhouas first birthplace of Chinese capitalism, 58–9first individual household economy registered in, 58private business under attack in, 78World 3, see Popper, KarlWorld Trade Organization, 109Wu, Jinglian, 161Wu, Nanshen, 60–1Wuhan, 45, 85, 92, 130Wuhan Machine Tool Plant, 85

 

Xi, Zhongxun, 61xiahai, 88, 123xian, 69, 70, 138, 147Xiang, Nan, 24Xiaokang, see under Kang, YouweiXue, Muqiao, 29, 72, 81, 108, 114, 219

 

Yan, Fu, 184Yan, Hui, 206Yang, Jisheng, 7Yang, Shangkun, 61Yangzi River Delta, 63, 111Ye, Jianying, 22, 23, 58Yuan, Geng, 60–1see also China Merchants; Shekou Industrial ParkYuelu Academy, 122

 

Zhao, Ziyang, 80as general secretary, 67, 98, 115as premier, 24, 73, 82, 99as provincial party secretary, 43, 47, 158Zhejiang province, 132, 141, 200private farming in Yongjia, 49see also WenzhouZhou, Enlai, 22, 27, 39, 66, 115, 157Zhu, Rongji, 8, 127, 132, 133Zhu, Xi, 122Zhucheng, 131–2Zhuhai, 35, 63, 117–18, 120see also Special Economic Zones; Southern Tour