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NOTES

Chapter 1: Colorado

1. Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen, “Twenty-Five Years of Developing a Community of Humor Scholars,” http://www.hnu.edu/ishs/ISHSDocuments/Nilsen25Article.pdf (accessed December 30, 2012).2. Caleb Warren and A. Peter McGraw, “Humor Appreciation,” Encyclopedia of Humor Studies (forthcoming).3. Elliot Oring, The Jokes of Sigmund Freud: A Study in Humor and Jewish Identity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), 114.4. John Morreall, “A new theory of laughter,” Philosophical Studies, 42(2) (1982), 243–254.5. Howard R. Pollio and Rodney W. Mers, “Predictability and the Appreciation of Comedy,” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society (1974): 229–232.6. Caleb Warren and A. Peter McGraw, “Beyond Incongruity: Differentiating What Is Funny From What Is Not” (under review).7. Thomas C. Veatch, “A Theory of Humor,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (1998): 161–215.8. A. Peter McGraw and Caleb Warren, “Benign Violations: Making Immoral Behavior Funny,” Psychological Science (2010): 1141–1149.9. Ibid.10. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Daniel Wolpert, and Chris Frith, “Why Can’t You Tickle Yourself?” NeuroReport (2000): R11–R16.11. McGraw and Warren, “Benign Violations,” 1141–1149.

Chapter 2: Los Angeles

1. Willibald Ruch, ed. The Sense of Humor: Explorations of a Personality Characteristic (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998), 7–9.2. Alan Feilgold, “Measuring Humor Ability: Revision and Construct Validation of the Humor Perceptiveness Test,” Perceptual and Motor Skills (1983): 159–166.3. Herbert M. Lefcourt and Rod A. Martin, Humor and Life Stress: Antidote to Adversity (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1986), 17.4. Victor Raskin, Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston: D. Reidel, 1985), 32.5. Greg Dean, Greg Dean’s Step by Step to Stand-Up Comedy (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000), 125.6. Salvatore Attardo and Lucy Pickering, “Timing in the Performance of Jokes,” Humor: International Journal of Human Research (2011): 233–250.7. Salvatore Attardo, Lucy Pickering, and Amanda Baker, “Prosodic and Multimodal Markers of Humor in Conversation,” Prosody and Humor: Special Issue of Pragmatics & Cognition (2011): 194, 224–247.8. Joe Boskin, ed., Humor Prism in the 20th Century (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1997), 111.9. Lawrence Epstein, The Haunted Smile: The Story of Jewish Comedians in America (New York: PublicAffairs, 2001), x.10. Mel Watkins, On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999), 26.11. Jonathan Levav and R. Juliet Zhu, “Seeking Freedom though Variety,” Journal of Consumer Research (2009): 600–610; J. Meyers-Levy and R. J. Zhu, “The Influence of Ceiling Height: The Effect of Priming on the Type of Processing That People Use,” Journal of Consumer Research (2007): 174–186.12. Joseph A. Bellizzi and Robert E. Hite, “Environmental Color, Consumer Feelings, and Purchase Likelihood,” Psychology & Marketing (1992): 347–363.13. C. B. Zhong, V. K. Bohns, and F. Gino, “Good Lamps Are the Best Police,” Psychological Science (2010): 311–314.14. Edward Diener, “Deindividuation: The Absence of Self-Awareness and Self-Regulation in Group Members,” ed. P. B. Paulus, Psychology of Group Influence (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1980), 209–242.15. Timothy J. Lawson and Brian Downing, “An Attributional Explanation for the Effect of Audience Laughter on Perceived Funniness,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 243–249.16. Richard Zoglin, Comedy at the Edge: How Stand-up in the 1970s Changed America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008), 5.17. “Richest Comedians,” http://www.therichest.org/celebnetworth/category/celeb/comedian/ (accessed February 15, 2013.)18. Jimmy Carr and Lucy Greeves, Only Joking: What’s So Funny About Making People Laugh? (New York: Gotham Books, 2006), 103.19. Gil Greengross, Rod. A. Martin, and Geoffrey Miller, “The Big Five Personality Traits of Professional Comedians Compared to Amateur Comedians, Comedy Writers, and College Students,” Personality and Individual Differences (2009): 79–83.20. Gil Greengross, Rod. A. Martin, and Geoffrey Miller, “Personality Traits, Intelligence, Humor Styles, and Humor Production Ability of Professional Stand-up Comedians Compared to College Students,” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts (2011), 74–82.21. A. Peter McGraw, Erin Percival Carter, and Jennifer J. Harman, “Disturbingly funny: Humor production increases perceptions of mental instability” (working paper).

Chapter 3: New York

1. Russell Adams, “How About Never—Is Never Good for You? Celebrities Struggle to Write Winning Captions,” Wall Street Journal (2011), A1.2. Judith Yaros Less, Defining New Yorker Humor (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), 10.3. Judith Yaros Less, Defining New Yorker Humor, 56.4. Ibid., 11.5. Arthur Koestler, Act of Creation (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964), 35.6. Caleb Warren and A. Peter McGraw, “Beyond Incongruity: Differentiating What is Funny From What is Not” (under review).7. Arthur Koestler, Act of Creation, 45.8. A. M. Isen, K. A. Daubman, and G. P. Nowicki, “Positive Affect Facilitates Creative Problem Solving,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1987): 1122–1131.9. Barry Kudrowitz, “Haha and Aha!: Creativity, Idea Generation, Improvisational Humor, and Product Design” (PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010).10. Chloe Kiddon and Yuriy Brun, “That’s What She Said: Double Entendre Identification,” Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (2011): 89–94.11. Graeme Ritchie, “Can Computers Create Humor?,” AI Magazine (2009): 71–81.12. C. F. Hempelmann and A. C. Samson, “Computational Humor: Beyond the Pun?” in The Primer of Humor Research, ed. V. Raskin (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008), 335–341.13. Koestler, Act of Creation, 93.14. Fred K. Beard, “Humor in the Advertising Business: Theory, Practice, and Wit”(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 2.15. Charles S. Gulas, Kim K. McKeage, and Marc G. Weinberger, “Violence Against Males in Humorous Advertising,” Journal of Advertising (2010): 109–20.16. Ibid., 112.17. Caleb Warren, and A. Peter McGraw, “When Humorous Marketing Backfires: Uncovering the Relationship between Humor, Negative Affect, and Brand Attitude” (under review).18. Judith Yaross Lee, Defining New Yorker Humor, 159.19. A. Peter McGraw, Phil Fernbach, and Julie Schiro, “Humor Lowers Propensity to Remedy a Problem” (working paper).20. Judith Yaross Lee, Defining New Yorker Humor, 159.21. Sasha Topolinski and Rolf Reber, “Gaining Insight Into the ‘Aha’ Experience,” Current Directions in Psychological Science (2010): 402–405.22. A. Peter McGraw, et al., “Too Close for Comfort, or Too Far to Care? Finding Humor in Distant Tragedies and Close Mishaps,” Psychological Science (2012): 1215–1223.23. Geoff Lowe and Sharon B. Taylor, “Effects of Alcohol on Responsive Laughter and Amusement,” Psychological Reports (1997): 1149–1150.

Chapter 4: Tanzania

1. Robert Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation (New York: Penguin, 2001), 27, 37, 40.2. McGraw, et al., “Too Close for Comfort, or Too Far to Care?,” 1215–1223.3. Provine, Laughter, 45.4. Ibid., 157, 163, 172, 173.5. A. M. Rankin and P. J. Philip, “An Epidemic of Laughing in the Bukoba District of Tanganyika,” Central African Journal of Medicine (1963).6. Susan Sprecher and Pamela C. Regan, “Liking Some Things (In Some People) More Than Others: Partner Preferences in Romantic Relationships and Friendships,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (2002): 463–481.7. Robert H. Lauer, Jeanette C. Lauer, and Sarah T. Kerr, “The Long-Term Marriage: Perceptions of Stability and Satisfaction,” The International Journal of Aging and Human Development (1990): 189–195.8. Dacher Keltner, Randall C. Young, Erin A. Heerey, Carmen Oemig, and Natalie D. Monarch, “Teasing in Hierarchical and Intimate Relations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1998): 1231–1247.9. Rod A. Martin, The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach (Burlington, MA: Elsevier, 2007), 187–188.10. V. S. Ramachandran, “The Neurology and Evolution of Humor, Laughter, and Smiling: the False Alarm Theory,” PubMed (1998): 351–354.11. Matthew M. Hurley, Daniel Dennett, and Reginald B. Adams, Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013), 4.12. André Parent, “Duchenne De Boulogne: A Pioneer in Neurology and Medical Photography” (2005): 369–377; Guillaume Duchenne, The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy (1862).13. Matthew Gervais and David Sloan Wilson, “The Evolution and Functions of Laughter and Humor: A Synthetic Approach,” The Quarterly Review of Biology (2005): 395–430.14. Marina Davila-Ross, M. Owren, and E. Zimmermann, “The Evolution of Laughter in Great Apes and Humans,” Communicative & Integrative Biology (2010): 191–194.15. Jaak Panksepp and Jeff Burgdorf, “ ‘Laughing’ Rats and the Evolutionary Antecedents of Human Joy?” Physiology & Behavior (2003): 533–547.16. L. Alan Sroufe and Jane Piccard Wunsch, “The Development of Laughter in the First Year of Life,” Child Development (1972): 1326–1344.17. Rod A. Martin and Nicholas A. Kuiper, “Daily Occurrence of Laughter: Relationships with Age, Gender, and Type A Personality,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (1999): 355–384.18. Martin, The Psychology of Humor, 233, 239–240.19. Jane E. Warren, et al., “Positive Emotions Preferentially Engage an Auditory Motor ‘Mirror’ System,” The Journal of Neuroscience (2006): 13067–13075.20. Karen O’Quin and Joel Aronoff, “Humor as a Technique of Social Influence,” Social Psychology Quarterly (1981): 349–357.21. John A. Jones, “The Masking Effects of Humor on Audience Perception of Message Organization,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (2005): 405–417.22. Christian F. Hempelmann, “The Laughter of the 1962 Tanganyika ‘Laughter Epidemic,’ ” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (2007) 49–71.23. Leslie P. Boss, “Epidemic Hysteria: A Review of the Published Literature,” Epidemiologic Reviews (1997): 233–243.24. Robert E. Bartholomew and Benjamin Radford, Hoaxes, Myths, and Manias: Why We Need Critical Thinking (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2003), 94.25. Susan Dominus, “What Happened to the Girls in Le Roy,” New York Times Magazine, March 11, 2012.

Chapter 5: Japan

1. Mahadev Apte, Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach, 33, 51.2. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, “On Joking Relationships,” Journal of the International African Institute (1940): 195–210.3. Jessica Milner Davis, Understanding Humor in Japan (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2006), 8.4. Christie Davies, Jokes and Targets (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 41, 82–93, 198–201.5. Jan Bremmer, A Cultural History of Humour from Antiquity to the Present Day, ed. Herman Roodenburg, 16–17, 98.6. Carr and Greeves, Only Joking, 193.7. Christie Davies, Jokes and Targets, 255.8. Eric Romero et al., “Regional Humor Differences in the United States: Implications for Management,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (2007): 189–201.9. Salvatore Attardo, “Translation and Humour: An Approach Based on the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH),” The Translator (2002): 173–194.10. Mahadev L. Apte, Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), 17.11. Laura Mickes, Drew E. Hoffman, Julian L. Parris, Robert Mankoff, and Nicholas Christenfeld, “Who’s Funny: Gender Stereotypes, Humor Production, and Memory Bias” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review (2011): 108–112.12. Martin D. Lampert and Susan M. Ervin-Tripp, “Exploring Paradigms: The Study of Gender and Sense of Humor Near the End of the 20th Century,” in The Sense of Humor: Explorations of a Personality Characteristic, ed. Willibald Ruch (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998): 231–270.13. Thomas R. Herzog, “Gender Differences in Humor Appreciation Revisited,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, (1999): 411–423.14. Christopher J. Wilbur and Lorne Campbell, “Humor in Romantic Contexts: Do Men Participate and Women Evaluate?” Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin (2011): 918–929.15. Dan Ariely, “Who Enjoys Humor More: Conservatives or Liberals?” Psychology Today, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/predictably-irrational/200810/who-enjoys-humor-more-conservatives-or-liberals (October 23, 2008).16. Arnold Krupat, “Native American Trickster Tales,” in Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide, ed. Maurice Charney (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005), 447–460.

Chapter 6: Scandinavia

1. Martin, The Psychology of Humor, 43–44.2. John Morreall, “Comic Vices and Comic Virtues,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 23.3. Martin, The Psychology of Humor, 47.4. Clark McCauley, Kathryn Woods, Christopher Coolidge, and William Kulick, “More Aggressive Cartoons Are Funnier,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1983): 817–823.5. Lambert Deckers and Diane E. Carr, “Cartoons Varying in Low-Level Pain Ratings, not Aggression Ratings, Correlate Positively with Funniness Ratings,” Motivation & Emotion (1986): 207–216.6. Willibald Ruch, “Fearing Humor? Gelotophobia: The Fear of Being Laughed at Introduction and Overview,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (2009): 1–25.7. Paul Lewis, et al., “The Muhammad Cartoons and Humor Research: A Collection of Essays,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (2008): 1–46; Ted Gournelos and Viveca S. Greene, A Decade of Dark Humor: How Comedy, Irony, and Satire Shaped Post-9/11 America (Jackson: The University Press of Mississippi, 2011), 220.8. Jytte Klausen, The Cartoons that Shook the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 14.9. Ibid., 107.10. Ibid., 137–138.11. Art Spiegelman, “Drawing Blood: Outrageous Cartoons and the Art of Outrage,” Harper’s Magazine (June 2007).12. Klausen, The Cartoons that Shook the World, 125.13. A. Peter McGraw, Lawrence Williams, and Caleb Warren. “The Rise and Fall of Humor: Psychological Distance Modulates Humorous Responses to Tragedy” (2013) (under review).14. Alan Dundes, “The Dead Baby Joke Cycle,” Western Folklore (1979): 145–157.15. Alan Dundes, “At Ease, Disease—AIDS Jokes as Sick Humor,” American Behavioral Scientist (1987): 72–81.16. Alan Dundes, “Many Hands Make Light Work or Caught in the Act of Screwing in Light Bulbs,” Western Folklore (1981): 261–266.17. Klausen, The Cartoons that Shook the World, 157.18. Ibid., 152.19. Catarina Kinnvall and Paul Nesbitt-Larking, The Political Psychology of Globalization: Muslims in the West (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011): 140.20. Dacher Keltner, et al., “Teasing in Hierarchical and Intimate Relations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1998): 1231–1247.21. Thomas E. Ford and Mark A. Ferguson, “Social Consequences of Disparagement Humor: A Prejudiced Norm Theory,” Personality and Social Psychology Review (2004): 79–94.

Chapter 7: Palestine

1. Lloyd M. Bucher and Mark Rascovich, Bucher: My Story (New York: Doubleday, 1970), 348.2. Mark Twain, Following the Equator (American Publishing Company, 1898), 119.3. Christie Davies, Jokes and Targets (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 227.4. Ulrick Marzolph, “The Muslim Sense of Humor,” in Humour and Religion: Challenges and Ambiguities, ed. Hans Geybels and Walter van Herck (London: Continuum, 2011), 173.5. Ibid., 179.6. Khalid Kishtainy, “Humor and Resistance in the Arab World and the Greater Middle East” in Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, ed. Maria J. Stephen (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 56–57.7. Sigmund Freud, “Humour,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis (1928): 4.8. Davies, Jokes and Targets, 264.9. Ibid., 251.10. A. Peter McGraw, Lawrence T. Williams, and Caleb Warren, “The Rise and Fall of Humor: Psychological Distance Modulates Humorous Responses to Tragedy (2013) (under review).

Chapter 8: The Amazon

1. Paul Schulten, “Physicians, Humour and Therapeutic Laughter in the Ancient World,” Social Identities (2001): 71.2. Norman Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 40.3. Madan Kataria, Laugh for No Reason (Mumbai, India: Madhuri International, 1999), 11.4. M. D. Shevach Friedler, et al., “The Effect of Medical Clowning on Pregnancy Rates After In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer,” Fertility and Sterility (2011): 2127–2130.5. R. A. Martin, “Is Laughter the Best Medicine?: Humor, Laughter, and Physical Health,” Sage Journals (2002): 217.6. Sven Svebak, Rod A. Martin, and Jostein Holmen, “The Prevalence of Sense of Humor in a Large, Unselected County Population in Norway: Relations with Age, Sex, and Some Health Indicators,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research (2004): 121–134.7. Carr and Greeves, Only Joking, 53.8. “No More Clowning Around: It’s Too Scary,” Nursing Standard (2008): 11.9. Cath Battrick, Edward Alan Glasper, Gill Prudhoe, and Katy Weaver, “Clown Humour: the Perceptions of Doctors, Nurses, Parents and Children,” Journal of Children’s and Young People’s Nursing (2007): 174–179.10. Dacher Keltner and George A. Bonanno, “A Study of Laughter and Dissociation: Distinct Correlates of Laughter and Smiling During Bereavement,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1997): 687–702.11. Charles V. Ford and Raymond C. Spaulding, “The Pueblo Incident: A Comparison of Factors Related to Coping with Extreme Stress,” Archives of General Psychiatry (1973): 340–343.12. Michelle Gayle Newman and Arthur A. Stone, “Does Humor Moderate the Effects of Experimentally Induced Stress?” Annals of Behavioral Medicine (1996): 101–109.13. A. Peter McGraw, Christina Kan, and Caleb Warren, “Humorous Complaining” (2013) (under review).