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Index
It is much easier to talk about information than it is to say what it is you are talking about. A surprising number of books, and this includes textbooks, have the word information in their title without bothering to include it in the index.—Fred I. Dretske (1979)
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Aaboe, Asger, 2.1, 2.2abacus, 4.1, 8.1A B C Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code, The (Clauson-Thue), 5.1, 5.2abstractionlogic and, 2.1, 2.2in mathematical computationorigins of thinking andwords representing, 2.1, 3.1Adams, BrooksAdams, FrederickAdams, HenryAeschylusAfrican languages; see also talking drumsAharonov, DoritAiry, George Biddell“Algebra for Theoretical Genetics, An” (Shannon), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3algebra of logic, prl.1, 8.1; see also symbolic logicalgorithmic information theory, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5algorithm(s)to calculate complexity, 12.1, 12.2to control accuracy and speed of communication, 7.1, 7.2data compressionto describe biological processes, 10.1, 10.2to generate uninteresting number, 12.1, 12.2historical evolution of, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 7.1Lovelace’s operations for Analytical Engine asfor measurement of computabilityfor measurement of information, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4number tables based on, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3for proof of number’s randomness, 12.1, 12.2to reconstruct phylogenyscientific method as, 12.1, 12.2Shor’s factoring, 13.1, 13.2Turing machine, 7.1, 7.2Alice in Wonderland (Carroll)Allen, Williamalphabet(s)as codeevolution of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1evolution of telegraph coding systems and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4information transmission capacity of, 6.1, 7.1letter frequency in, 1.1, 7.1Morse code representation oforder of letters in, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3organization of information based on, 3.1, 3.2AltaVista, epl.1, epl.2altruism, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3American Telephone & Telegraph, prl.1, 6.1, 7.1amino acids, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6Ampère, André-Marie, 5.1, 5.2amplitude modulation, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3analog technology, 8.1, 8.2Analytical Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1Analytical Society, 4.1, 4.2Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Burton)Anglo-American Cyclopedia, The (Borges)Anglo-Saxon speech, 3.1, 3.2anthropocentrismantiaircraft guns and artillery, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1, 12.2aperiodic crystals, 9.1, 10.1Arabic numeralsArcadia (Stoppard), 9.1, 9.2, 14.1Aristotle and Aristotelian philosophy, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 14.1, 14.2Armani, Giorgio, 14.1, 14.2Arte of Rhetorique, The (Wilson)artificial intelligence, prl.1, 12.1; see also machines, attribution of thinking toAshby, W. Rossastronomyatomic science, prl.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1Atwood, Margaret, 11.1, epl.1, epl.2Auden, W. H.automata, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3chess automataaviation radioBabbage, Charles, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2Analytical Engine of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1at Cambridge, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5cryptographic work of, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1Difference Engine of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 6.1early life, 4.1, 4.2information transmission studies of, 4.1, 4.2language work of, 4.1, 4.2Lovelace and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9mechanical notation system of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1on persistence of thought and information, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3personal qualities, 4.1, 4.2railroad studies of, 4.1, 4.2range of interests and expertise, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6vision of future of, 4.1, 4.2Babbage, Georgiana WhitmoreBabel, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, epl.1, epl.2Babylonian culture, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5Bach, Johann Sebastian, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4Bacon, Francisbacteria, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3Baker, Nicholson, 14.1, 14.2, epl.1, epl.2Balbus, JohannesBalzac, Honoré debandwidth, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1ban unit of probabilityBanville, JohnBarber paradoxBaruch, Bernard M.Barwise, JonBates, JohnBateson, Gregory, 8.1, 8.2Baudot codeBavelas, AlexBeethoven, Ludwig von, 11.1, 15.1, epl.1Bell, Alexander Graham, 6.1, 6.2Bell, GordonBell Laboratories, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2Bell System Technical Journal, prl.1, 6.1, 7.1Bell Telephone CompanyBennett, Charles H., 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11, 15.1Benton, BillyBenzer, Seymour, 10.1, 10.2Bernoulli numbers, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3Berry, G. G., 6.1, 6.2Berry’s paradox, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3BibleBierce, AmbroseBigelow, Julianbinary operationscoding systems for, 5.1, 5.2representation of relay circuits asin telegraphy, 7.1, 8.1in use of alphabetical ordering systemssee also bit(s)biologyentropy and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4evolutionary, 10.1, 11.1fundamental particles ofof human ecosystem, 10.1, 10.2information processing in, prl.1, prl.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4molecular, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3purposeful action in processes of, 9.1, 9.2see also genetics; neurophysiologybiosphere, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3bit(s)as basis of physics, prl.1, prl.2, 13.1, 13.2biological measurementscost of information processingdata compression strategies, 12.1, 12.2decision-making requirementsdefinition of, prl.1, 7.1first usagegrowth of measuring units, 14.1, 14.2meaning andmeasurement of cosmos in, prl.1, 14.1purposetransmission by fire beacon, 1.1, 1.2black holes, prl.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4Blair, AnnBlair, EarlBletchley Park, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1Blount, Thomas, 3.1, 3.2Bodleian Library, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1Bohr, Niels, prl.1, 6.1, 13.1Boltzmann, Ludwig, 9.1, 9.2Bombe machinebook burningBoole, George, prl.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1Borges, Jorge Luis, 14.1, 14.2, epl.1, epl.2botanical dictionaries, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1Bradley, Henry, 3.1, 3.2Brahe, Tycho, 4.1, 15.1brain; see neurophysiologyBrassard, Gilles, 13.1, 13.2“Breakdown of Physics in Gravitational Collapse, The” (Hawking)Brecht, BertoltBreguet, Abraham-Louis, 5.1, 5.2Brenner, Sydney, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3Brewster, David, 4.1, 8.1Bridenbaugh, Carl, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3Briggs, Henry, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5Brillouin, Léon, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3Brin, Sergey, 14.1, epl.1Broadbent, Donald, 8.1, 8.2Brosin, HenryBrown, RobertBrowne, Thomas, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1Brownian motion, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1Brunel, Isambard KingdomBuchanan, JamesBullokar, JohnBurgess, AnthonyBurney, VenetiaBurton, Robert, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3Bush, Vannevar, prl.1, prl.2, 5.1n, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1Butler, Samuel, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2butterfly effectByron, Augusta Ada; see Lovelace, AdaByron, George Gordon, Lord, 4.1, 4.2bytesCage, John, 12.1, 12.2Cairns-Smith, Alexander, 10.1, 10.2calculators, calculating machinesanalog and digitalBabbage’s Analytical Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1Babbage’s Difference Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 6.1definition of “calculation,” 7.1Differential Analyzer, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4in evolution of information technology, prl.1, 4.1use of relay circuits insee also computation; computer(s); machinescalculus, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, epl.1Campbell, George, prl.1, prl.2“Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?” (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen)Carnot, Nicolas SadiCarpenter, MargaretCarreras, JoséCarrington, John F., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5Carroll, Lewis, 5.1, 5.2, 14.1Carty, John J.catalogues of information, 5.1, 14.1, 15.1botanical, 14.1, 14.2of cryptographic techniquesgenes as, 10.1, 10.2for libraries, 3.1, 3.2search techniques for, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3of telegraph messagessee also dictionariesCatholicon (Balbus)Cawdrey, Robert, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14Cawdrey, Thomascellular processes, prl.1, prl.2, 9.1, 9.2CeltsCentral Dogma“Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed” (Nyquist)Chadwyck-Healey, Charleschain letters, as examples of memes, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3Chains (Karinthy)Chaitin, Gregory, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 12.10, 12.11, 12.12, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15Champernowne, DavidChandler, RaymondChandrasekhar, Subrahmanyanchannelsapplications of information theorydefinition ofmultiplexedpsychological formulationquantum, 13.1, 13.2transmission capacity of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2writing as, 2.1, 2.2see also bandwidthchaos theory, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 14.1, 14.2Chappe, Claude, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7Chappe, Ignace, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3Chappe, PierreChappe, RenéCharles Albert, King of Sardinia, 4.1, 4.2Cherry, Colinchess-playing machines, 8.1, 8.2China, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1Chomsky, Noamchromosomes, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2Churchill, Winston, prl.1, prl.2, 7.1circularityin defining words, 3.1, 3.2Gödel’s critique of Principia Mathematica, 6.1in paradoxesClark, Josiah LatimerClarke, Roger T.classification, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.1, 3.2Clausius, Rudolf, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3Clauson-Thue, William, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3Clement, Joseph, 4.1, 4.2clocks, synchronization of, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4cloud, information, 14.1, 14.2clusteringClytemnestracodeattempts to reduce cost of telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2Babbage’s interest incipher and compression systems for telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6Enigma, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3genetic, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10in Jacquard loom operationsMorse, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 11.1as noisefor printing telegraphShannon’s interest in, prl.1, 6.1, 7.1telegraphy before Morse code, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7see also cryptographycoding theory, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 12.1cognitive science, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4Colebrooke, Henrycollective consciousness, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3, epl.4, epl.5Colossus computing machineColumbus, Christophercombinatorial analysis, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2communicationby algorithmwith alien life-form, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5Babbage’s mechanical notation for describing, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1constrained channels of, 2.1, 2.2disruptive effects of new technologies in, 15.1, 15.2emergence of global consciousness, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3evolution of electrical technologies for, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2fundamental problem of, prl.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1human evolution and, prl.1, prl.2implications of technological evolution of, 15.1, 15.2information overload and, epl.1, epl.2knowledge needs for, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3in origins of governanceShannon’s diagram of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3as stochastic processsymbolic logic to describe systems ofsystem elements, 7.1, 7.2in Twitter, epl.1, epl.2see also talking drums; telegraphy; telephony; transmission of informationcompact disc, prl.1, 8.1, epl.1complexity, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9compression of information; see data compression“Computable Numbers, On” (Turing), 7.1, 7.2, 12.1computationin Babylonian mathematics, 2.1, 2.2computable and uncomputable numbers, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3of differential equations, 4.1, 4.2in evolution of complex structureshuman computers, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3thermodynamics of, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4Turing machine for, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6see also calculators; computerscomputer(s)analog and digital, 8.1, 8.2chess-playing, 8.1, 8.2comparison to humans, 8.1, 8.2cost of memory storagecost of work of, 13.1, 13.2early mechanical, prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 8.1growth of memory and processing speed of, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4inductive learning inperception of thinking by, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4public awareness ofquantum-based, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4Shannon’s information theory in, prl.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2significance of information theory in development ofspread of memes throughTuring’s conceptualization of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3universe as, 14.1, 14.2see also calculators; computation; programmingConference on Cybernetics, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12Connolly, Sean J.consciousness, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 8.2, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3continuous signal systems, 6.1, 7.1Cooke, William, 5.1, 5.2Cooper, PatCoote, EdmundCoy, George W.Crick, Francis, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5Crow, James F. ncryptographyassessment of system securityBabbage’s work in, 5.1, 5.2early strategies, 5.1, 5.2Enigma system of, 7.1, 7.2information theory andmathematics of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2mental skill forpattern recognition in, 7.1, 7.2perfect cipher systempopular interest in, 5.1, 5.2quantum, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4RSA encryptionShannon’s work on, prl.1, prl.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6Turing’s work on, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4voice encryption, 7.1, 7.2writing and, 5.1, 5.2see also codecrystals, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1culturecommunication technology and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3communicative capacity of drums, 1.1, 1.2function of memeperceptions changed by telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2replication and transmission ofthought processes biased by, 2.1, 2.2see also oral cultureCummings, E. E., 6.1, 8.1cuneiform, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7Cunningham, Michaelcybernetics, prl.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 12.1, 12.2Cybernetics (Wiener), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1cyberspace, 13.1, epl.1capacity for transmitting information, 3.1, 3.2concepts of literacy and orality inconnectivity in, epl.1, epl.2naming issues, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3online version of Oxford English Dictionary, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3paradox of distance insee also InternetDaguerre, LouisDancoff, SidneyDarwin, Charles, 4.1, 10.1data compression, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4Davy, Edward, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2Dawkins, Richard, prl.1, prl.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7de Back, Jamesdecision problem, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4definitions of wordsinterlocking and circular nature of, 3.1, 3.2in perfect languagescientific progress and, prl.1, prl.2, 3.1, 3.2see also dictionariesDelbrück, Max, 10.1, 10.2Deletionpedia, 14.1, 14.2DemocritusDe Morgan, Augustus, 4.1, 5.1, 15.1Dennett, Daniel, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 15.1, 15.2deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), prl.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7diamond code, 10.1, 10.2Dibdin, CharlesDickens, Charles, 4.1n, 14.1dictionaries, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13; see also Oxford English DictionaryDictionarium (Thomas)Diderot, Denis, 14.1, epl.1Difference Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 6.1Differential Analyzer, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 8.1Differential and Integral Calculus (Lacroix)differential equations, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3“Digital Computers Called Brains, Of” (McCulloch)digital technology, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1Diringer, Daviddiscrete information, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1D’Israeli, IsaacDisreali, Benjamindistortion of signal; see noiseDNA; see deoxyribonucleic acid“Does One Sometimes Know Too Much?,” 15.1domain names, 14.1, 14.2Donne, JohnDoob, Joseph L.Dowd, MaureenDoyle, Arthur ConanDretske, Fred, 11.1, epl.1, ind.1drums; see talking drumsDupuy, Jean-Pierre, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3Dyer, Harrison GrayechoEckart, CarlEckert, W. H.economicsBabbage’s research on, 4.1, 4.2business of telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5commercial interest in telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2commercial interest in telephony, 6.1, 6.2cost of computation, 13.1, 13.2costs of computer memoryin information cloudas information scienceof number table production, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4origins of mathematics andEdison, Thomas A., 5.1, 12.1Edwards, MaryEgypt, 3.1, 3.2Einstein, Albert, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3electrical circuitsdevelopment of telegraphy, 1.1, 1.2noise in, 6.1, 7.1symbolic logic and, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5transmission capacity of, 6.1, 6.2electricityamplitude modulation, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3biological analogies forevolution of scientific understanding of, 5.1, 5.2in measurement of communicationpublic response to new technologies ofrecognition of communication potential of, 5.1, 5.2source of noise intechnical demands of telephony, 6.1, 6.2see also electrical circuits; telegraphyElectric Telegraph Company, 5.1, 5.2Elements of Electro-Biology (Smee)Elias, Peter, 8.1, 8.2Eliot, T. S., 3.1, 15.1Elyot, Thomase-mail, 2.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3Emerson, Ralph WaldoEncyclopaedia Britannica, 7.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, epl.1encyclopedias, prl.1, epl.1, epl.2; see also specific encyclopediaEncyclopédie, 14.1Enderton, Herbertenergyin concept of entropy, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3cost of information processing, 13.1, 13.2information and, prl.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 13.1Maxwell’s demon, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, epl.1perpetual motion machine, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3in physics of black holessee also thermodynamicsEngland, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 8.1, 8.2; see also English languageEnglish Expositour, An (Bullokar)English languageearliest dictionaries, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11evolution of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3growth of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3number of speakers of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3Oxford English Dictionary of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11phonemes of, 1.1, 1.2redundancy in, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2spelling of words in, 3.1, 3.2statistical analysis, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3use of tonality invocabulary sizeEnglish Schoolemaister, The (Coote)ENIACEnigma code, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4entanglement, prl.1, 1.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5entelechyentropy, prl.1, 8.1concept of mind anddefinition of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3as disorderdissipation of energy in, 9.1, 9.2information as, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2information to reduce, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7of languagemathematical complexity andMaxwell’s demon, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, epl.1measurement ofas measure of uncertainty, 9.1, 9.2movement of universe toward, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4orderliness of biological life and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4randomness andin thermodynamics of computationEntscheidungsproblem, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4enzymes, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2Ephrussi, BorisEpimenides’ paradoxepistemologyerasure of information, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1error correctionapplications of Shannon’s theoriesin artillery targetingin early telegraphic code systems, 5.1, 5.2in genetic codeto overcome noise, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1redundancy for, 7.1, 7.2in talking drum languagein telegraphyerrors, in logarithmic tables, 4.1, 4.2Erya, 3.1evolutionas computational processemergence of global consciousness asgene interactions and, 10.1, 10.2of genes, 10.1, 10.2of ideasinformation processing inrole of altruistic behavior in, 10.1, 10.2evolutionary biology, 10.1, 11.1Ex-Prodigy (Wiener)Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series (Wiener, Bigelow)factoring algorithm, 13.1, 13.2Fano, Robert, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1Faraday, Michael, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2feedback, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1Feynman, Richard, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4file storage technologyfire beaconsfire-control; see antiaircraft guns and artilleryFitzRoy, Robert, 5.1, 5.2Ford, Joseph, 12.1, 12.2Formal Logic (De Morgan)Foundations of the Theory of Probability (Kolmogorov)Four Great Books of Song, epl.1France, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8Frank, Lawrence K., 8.1, 8.2Franklin, BenjaminFreeman, Thomas, 15.1, 15.2Freud, Sigmund, 8.1, 9.1Frost, RobertFry, Thornton C., 6.1, 6.2Fuchs, Christopher, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3Fuchs, UlrichGabor, DennisGalileo, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1galvanometer, 5.1, 5.2games, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6game theoryGamow, George, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5Gauss, Carl FriedrichGeneral Electricgeneticsaltruistic behavior and, 10.1, 10.2aperiodic crystal model of, 9.1, 10.1coding system, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10development of scientific concepts of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5discovery of DNA, 10.1, 10.2gene structure and function, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13, 10.14genome mappingas information science, prl.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7information storage in, 7.1, 7.2memetics andSchrödinger’s formulation of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3selfish gene concept, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1symbolic logic to describe, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3Gerard, Ralph, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4Gibbs, WillardGibson, WilliamGilgameshGilliver, Peter, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3Glossographia: or a Dictionary (Blount), 3.1, 3.2Gödel, Kurt, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, epl.1Gödel’s Proof (Nagel, Newman)Godfather (film)“Gold Bug, The” (Poe)Gongsun LongGoogle, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2Gould, Glenn, 12.1, 12.2Gould, Stephen Jaygravity, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1Gray, ElishaGreat Exhibition of 1851 (London)Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 12.1Greece, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6Grover, LovGuare, John, epl.1, epl.2Gutenberg Galaxy (McLuhan)Guyot, Jules请支持我们，让我们可以支付服务器费用。
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