第44页 | The Information_ A History, a Theory, a Flood | 阅读 ‧ 电子书库

Hamilton, W. D., 11.1, 11.2HammurabiHardy, G. H.Hardy-Ramanujan numberHart, SarahHartley, Ralph, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1Harvard University, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1Hatto, JoyceHavelock, Eric, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3Hawking, Stephen, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3Hawthorne, Nathanielheat, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2; see also thermodynamicsHein, JonHeisenberg, Werner, 7.1, 12.1, 13.1Hennig, RichardHenry, JosephHerschel, John, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3hieroglyphics, 2.1, 8.1Hilbert, David, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3Hobbes, Thomas, prl.1, 2.1Hofstadter, Douglas R., 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4Holland, OwenHolmes, Oliver WendellholographyHomeric epics, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 11.1Huffman, DavidHuffman codingHumphrey, NicholasHusbands, PhilipHusson, M.I Am a Mathematician (Wiener)iatroepidemicsIBM, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1, 14.2ideas, compared to biosphere, 11.1, 11.2; see also memesidiographic writingIliad (Homer)imagescompressibility ofmemes asrecording of, 14.1, 14.2imagination, 2.1n, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1Imitation Game (Turing), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4incompleteness theoremalgorithmic proof of randomness and, 12.1, 12.2chaos theory and, 12.1, 12.2decision problem and, 7.1, 7.2proof of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3significance of, 6.1, 6.2Turing machine andindexes, 15.1, 15.2, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3inductive reasoningInfinities, The (Banville)“Information Is Inevitably Physical” (Landauer)“Information Is Physical” (Landauer)information overloadin Borges’s “Library of Babel,” 14.1e-mail and, 15.1, 15.2filter and search strategies to prevent, 15.1, 15.2historical fears of, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3human–computer comparison of effects ofknowledge and, 15.1, 15.2manifestations of, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3meaning and, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3, epl.4psychological studies of, 15.1, 15.2technological progress and, prl.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4information theoryattempts to add semantic counterpart toon control of redundancy in messages, 7.1, 7.2cryptography anddevelopment in England, 8.1, 8.2diagram of communication in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3genetic science and, prl.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7language as possibility in, epl.1, epl.2measurement of information in, 7.1, 7.2message value in, 12.1-3.1noise source in, 7.1, 7.2origins of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, 7.1; see also Mathematical Theory of Communication, The (Shannon, Weaver)physics and, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3place of meaning in, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, epl.1, epl.2response of wider scientific community to, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9response to Shannon’s initial publication, 8.1, 8.2significance of, prl.1, prl.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3in Soviet Union, 12.1, 12.2system states intheories of psychology and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7see also quantum information scienceInternet, 11.1, 11.2, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3It from Bit (Wheeler), prl.1, 13.1Jacobson, HomerJacquard, Joseph-MarieJacquard loom, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 12.1James, William, 8.1, 8.2János, Neumann; see John von NeumannJaynes, Julian, 2.1, 2.2Jennings, AllanJohannsen, WilhelmJohn of SalisburyJohnson, John B.Johnson, Samuel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4Johnstone, JamesJoncourt, Élie de, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3Jones, AlexanderJonsson, LarsJowett, BenjaminJudson, Horace FreelandJust, WardKahn, DavidKarinthy, FrigyesKele language, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3Kelvin, William Thomson, LordKepler, JohannesKermode, Frank, 2.1, 2.2Keynes, John MaynardKhwarizmi, Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Kierkegaard, SørenKing, August Ada; see Lovelace, AdaKing, WilliamKlüver, Heinrichknowledgecurse of omniscience, epl.1, epl.2emergence of global consciousness, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3epistemological theory of informationinformation overload and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3limits to scientific investigation, 12.1, 12.2in literate cultures, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6power ofas product of logicrequirements for communication, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3transmission of, through human history, prl.1, prl.2Knuth, Donald, 2.1, 2.2Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4Konversations-Lexikon, epl.1Lacroix, Sylvestre FrançoisLagrange, Joseph LouisLandauer, Rolf, 13.1, 13.2Landowska, WandaLandsberg, PeterLane, Anthony, 15.1, 15.2languageadaptations for telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2Babbage’s work on, 4.1, 4.2compressibility ofconcept of mind andfor discussing language, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1functions of, 5.1, 5.2as infinite possibility, epl.1, epl.2limitations ofmeasuring redundancy in, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3paradoxes of, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3pattern analysisperfectredundancy in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1as shared experiencestatistical structure of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4symbolic expression of, 5.1, 5.2technical, 3.1, 3.2transmission capacity of Internet and, 3.1, 3.2universal, 4.1, 6.1see also oral culture; writing; specific languageLanguage Instinct, The (Pinker), 3.1, 3.2Lanier, JaronLaplace, Pierre-Simon, 14.1, 14.2Lardner, Dionysius, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2Lasker, EdwardLatin language, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4Lawrence Livermore LaboratoryLaws of Thought, The (Boole), 5.1, 5.2Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 15.1, epl.1Lem, StanislawLe Roy, ÉdouardLe Sage, Georges-LouisLever, RalphLevor, Norma, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3Leyland numbersLi, Ming, 11.1, 11.2liar’s paradoxlibraries, organization of materials in, 3.1, 3.2, 15.1Library of Alexandria, 14.1, 14.2“Library of Babel, The” (Borges), 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2Library of Congress, 7.1, 14.1, 14.2, epl.1Licklider, J. C. R., 8.1, 8.2lifedefinition of, 9.1, 9.2entropy and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4origins of, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1as vehicle for propagating memessee also biologylighthousesLinnaeus, CarlLittlewood, J. E.Lloyd, Seth, prl.1, 13.1, 14.1Locke, JohnLoewenstein, Werner, prl.1, 10.1Logarithmicall Arithmetike (Briggs)logarithms, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 7.1, 7.2Logarithms (Taylor)logiccircularity problem of words, 3.1, 3.2concept of machines using, 7.1, 7.2form of thinking for, 2.1, 2.2function of, 2.1, 2.2origins and early development of, 2.1, 2.2paradoxes of, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3thought and, 5.1, 5.2writing and, 2.1, 2.2see also symbolic logiclogical depth, 12.1, 12.2logographic writingLokele tribelongitude, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2Lovelace, Ada, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3background of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3exposition on Menabrea’s essay, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5illnesses and death of, 4.1, 4.2mathematics studied by, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4Luria, Aleksandr Romanovich, 2.1, 2.2Lyell, CharlesLysenko, TrofimMa, Bin, 11.1, 11.2machinesAnalytical Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1attribution of thinking to, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8Difference Engine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 6.1Differential Analyzer, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 8.1Enigma, 7.1, 7.2Imitation Game to identify humans from, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4Jacquard loom, 4.1, 4.2maze-navigating robot, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4memory function into prove computability of numbers, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6purposeful behavior ofself-replicating, 8.1, 8.2standardization of manufacturingsee also calculators; computer(s); Turing machine(s)Mackay, Charlesmacrostates, 9.1, 9.2“Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, The” (Miller)magnetism, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2Mani, Anand Ramnath, 14.1, 14.2Mantel, Hillarymaps and mapping, 4.1, 7.1, 14.1Mark I computerMassachusetts Institute of Technology, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 14.1, epl.1Mathematical Analysis of Logic (Boole)Mathematical Theory of Communication, The (Shannon, Weaver), prl.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, epl.1“Mathematical Theory of Cryptography, A” (Shannon)mathematicsBabbage’s Cambridge studies in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5Bablyonian, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6ballistics modeling, 6.1, 6.2code analysisof cryptography, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2desire for certainty indifferential equations, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3engineering and, 6.1, 6.2expression of logic throughincompleteness theorem, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3to purge logic of paradoxsearch for perfect expression inin signal research at Bell Labs, prl.1, prl.2in telephone switching technology, 6.1, 6.2uses of random numbers insee also logarithms; numbersMaxwell, James Clerk, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7Maxwell’s demon, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, epl.1Maynard Smith, JohnMcCarthy, JohnMcCulloch, Warren, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5McLuhan, Marshall, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 8.1, 15.1, epl.1Mead, Margaretmeaningin agenda for quantum information scienceattempts to incorporate, into information theoryexpressed through differencesfuture of science andinformation overload and, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3, epl.4language and, epl.1, epl.2measurement of communication andof numbersin perfect languageShannon’s information theory and, prl.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, epl.1, epl.2symbolic logic and, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1talking drum method of conveying, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3use of alphabetical ordering systems anduse of tonality to conveysee also definitions of wordsmeasurement of informationalgorithmic, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4combinatorial approach toconceptual evolution of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, prl.5, prl.6, prl.7, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2cosmic calculations, prl.1, prl.2, 14.1expanding scale of, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4measurement of message value and, 12.1, 12.2measurement of randomness andas measure of uncertainty, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2in music, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3probabilistic approach to, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 12.1in psychology researchquantifying redundancy for, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 7.2quantizing speech forsymbols as unit for, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3in telephony, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5Turing’s approach to, 7.1, 7.2see also bit(s)Medawar, Petermeme(s); memeticscatchphrases as, 11.1, 11.2chain letters as, 11.1-1.1conceptual origins of, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4definition of, prl.1, 11.1, 11.2disease analogy for, 11.1, 11.2effectsforms of, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3genetic model ofhumans as vehicles forideas asimages asas living structuresmission ofmusic asreplication through imitationscholarly research on, 11.1, 11.2transmission of, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3memoryaids in oral literaturecomputer, cost ofevolution of information technology and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3in machine functionsin maze-navigating machine, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4meme strategiespsychology research on, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4quantum erasure ofwriting and, 2.1, 2.2Menabrea, LuigiMencken, H. L., 3.1, 11.1Mendel, GregorMercury: or the Secret and Swift Messenger (Wilkins)Merlin, JohnMermin, David, 13.1n, 13.2Merrill, Jamesmessenger RNA, 11.1, 13.1meta-languageMetalogiconmetamathematics, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1, 12.1metaphor“Method of Expressing by Signs the Action of Machinery, On a” (Babbage), 4.1, 4.2Metropolis, Nicholasmicrofilmmicrostates, 9.1, 9.2Middleton, ThomasMilbanke, Anna IsabellaMilgram, StanleyMiller, George, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3Miller, Jonathan, 2.1, 2.2Million Random Digits, A, 12.1, 12.2Milton, John, 3.1, 11.1Mingjia (School of Names)Minsky, MarvinMiot de Melito, Count nMitchell, Davidmondegreens, 3.1, 3.2Monod, JacquesMonte Carlo simulations, 11.1, 12.1Moore, FrancisMoore, GordonMorse, Samuel F. B., 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6Morse code, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5.1, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1mortality tables, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3Mulcaster, Richardmultiplexed signalsMumford, LewisMunch, EdvardMurray, James, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6music, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4Nagel, Ernestnaming, 2.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6Napier, John, 4.1, 4.2Napoleon Bonaparte, 5.1, 5.2National Defense Research Committeenatural history, 14.1, 14.2natural philosophy, prl.1, prl.2, 3.1natural selection, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1; see also evolutionNature, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, epl.1Nautical Almanac, 4.1, 4.2navigation, number tables for, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3needle telegraphy, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6networksapplications of Shannon’s theories, 8.1, 8.2barbed-wire telephonebiological analogies for electricalcloud processingclustering incollective judgment and behavior enabled by, epl.1, epl.2e-mailemergence of global consciousness, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3English poetryglobal information in, epl.1, epl.2science ofsmall-world, epl.1, epl.2spread of memes throughtelegraphic, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.1telephone, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4see also cyberspace; InternetNeugebauer, Ottoneurophysiologyanalog versus digital descriptions of, 8.1, 8.2concept of human global organism, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3feedback systems in, 8.1, 8.2human–computer comparison, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3metaphors for electrical systemsneurosisNew Logic, 6.1, 6.2Newman, James R.Newton, Isaac, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3noisein biological systemscoded messages as, 7.1, 7.2error correction to overcome, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1limits of information transmission, 8.1, 8.2in modeling of communication systems, 6.1, 7.1noisy coding theorempredictabilityproblems of telephony, prl.1, prl.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1quantification ofscientific study of, 6.1, 6.2source of, 6.1, 7.1as subject of psychology research, 8.1, 8.2Wiener’s studies of, 8.1, 8.2Nollet, Abbé Jean-AntoinenoosphereNotions sur la machine analytique (Menabrea)nucleic acid, 10.1, 10.2; see also deoxyribonucleic acid, 10.1nucleotides, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4numberscomputability question, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5concept of normality in, 12.1, 12.2earliest written, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3information in, 12.1, 12.2interesting, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4meaning ofprinted tables of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4products of Babbage’s work with, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3table of differences, 4.1, 4.2as universal language, 6.1, 6.2see also mathematicsNyquist, Harry, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1observer effects on subject of observation, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5Occam’s razorOdyssey (Homer), 2.1, 11.1Ogilvie, Brian, 14.1, 15.1Ohm, GeorgOng, Walter J., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5oral culture(s), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9Oxford English Dictionary, 3.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2additions and revisions to, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6editions ofgoals of, 3.1, 3.2growth of language and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3online, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3sources of words and definitions forspelling of words in, 3.1, 3.2Page, Larry, 14.1, epl.1Palme, Jacob, 15.1, 15.2Palmer, Dexter, epl.1, epl.2paper, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 9.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2paradox(es)BarberBerry’s, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1challenges for symbolic logic, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3of distance in cyberspaceEpimenides’Gödel’s insight into, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4of language and logic, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1liar’smathematics as solution toof perpetual motion, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3Russell’s, 6.1, 6.2self-referencing as basis of, 6.1, 6.2of smallest uninteresting number, 12.1, 12.2parallel processing, 4.1, 4.2Parker, Moses GreeleyParry, MilmanPascal, Blaisepatternsdistinguished from randomness, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4recognition of, in cryptography, 7.1, 7.2in valuation of messages, 12.1, 12.2in Voyager spacecraft messages, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3Pauli, WolfgangPavlov, Ivan PetrovichPeacock, GeorgePeel, Robert, 4.1, 4.2Peres, Asher, 13.1, 13.2Perks, William Georgeperpetual motion machines, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3perturbation studiespetroglyphspharmaceutical industry, 14.1, 14.2Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton), 4.1, 6.1, 14.1Philosophy of Decyphering, The (Babbage)phonemes, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1photographic images, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2physics, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, prl.5, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1, 13.2; see also quantum physics; thermodynamicspi, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3Pickering, JohnpictographsPierce, John Robinson, prl.1, 8.1Pinker, Steven, 3.1, 3.2planimeterPlato, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6Pliny, 2.1, 6.1Pluto, 3.1, 3.2PM (formal system), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3Pocket Telegraphic Code, 5.1Podolsky, BorisPoe, Edgar Allan, prl.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 14.1poetry, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3Poincaré, Henri, 9.1, 12.1polarization states, 13.1, 13.2Pope, AlexanderPorschePreece, WilliamPreskill, John, 13.1, 13.2Prime Computerprime numbers, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1Primrose, FrankPrincePrinceton University, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3Principia Mathematica (Russell, Whitehead), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7Principles of Psychology (James)Printing Press as an Agent of Change, The (Einstein)printing technology, prl.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3probabilitycalculations for control of redundancy in messages, 7.1, 7.2in measurement of information, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 12.1as problem for quantum computing, 13.1, 13.2qualities of randomness andstatistical analysis of language, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4in stochastic processesin thermodynamics, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4Turing’s ban unit of, 7.1, 7.2Problems of Information Transmission, 12.1, 12.2programmingto generate random numbers, 12.1, 12.2Lovelace’s operations for Analytical Engine as, 4.1, 4.2of Turing machine states, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2proteins, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7pseudorandom numberspsychePsycho-Acoustic Laboratorypsychology, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9Pulgram, Ernstquadratic equationsquantum information sciencecomputing based on, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4conceptual basis, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4entanglement in, prl.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4first encoded message based on, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3future applications ofmeasurement units in, 13.1, 13.2problem of black holes in, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3scope of, prl.1, prl.2Shannon’s contribution to, 13.1, 13.2superposition principle inquantum physicsof black holescomplementarity concept inconflicting theories in, 13.1, 13.2entanglementincompleteness theorem and, 12.1, 12.2see also quantum information scienceQuastler, Henryqubits, prl.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5queuing theoryQuittner, JoshuaRamanaujan, SrinivasarandomnessChaitin’s insightcoded data disguised bycomplexity perceived as, 12.1, 12.2computability and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3computer programs to generate, 12.1, 12.2data compression and, 12.1, 12.2definition offrequency of, among numbersinformation-carrying capacity ofinteresting numbers and, 12.1, 12.2mathematical proof of, 12.1, 12.2in quantum cryptographyrecognition of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3statistical normality intables of random numbers, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2Ratio Club, 8.1, 8.2Rattray, Robert Sutherland, 1.1, 1.2Ratzenberger, Caspar, 14.1, 14.2Rayleigh, Lord“recoding” of information, 8.1, 8.2recordings, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 14.1, 14.2recursive proceduresin algorithmic proof of randomness, 12.1, 12.2in Lovelace’s operations for Analytical Engineparadoxes based on, 6.1, 6.2in Turing machine operations, 7.1, 7.2in use of alphabetical ordering systems