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Special Characters and Quoting
The characters <, >, |, and & are four examples of special characters that have particular meanings to the shell. The wildcards we saw earlier in this chapter (*, ?, and [...]) are also special characters.
Table 1-6 gives the meanings of all special characters within shell command lines only. Other characters have special meanings in specific situations, such as the regular expressions and string-handling operators that we'll see in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
Table 1-6. Special characters
Character
Meaning
See chapter
~
Home directory
Chapter 1
`
Command substitution (archaic)
Chapter 4
#
Comment
Chapter 4
$
Variable expression
Chapter 3
&
Background job
Chapter 1
*
String wildcard
Chapter 1
(
Start subshell
Chapter 8
)
End subshell
Chapter 8
\
Quote next character
Chapter 1
|
Pipe
Chapter 1
[
Start character-set wildcard
Chapter 1
]
End character-set wildcard
Chapter 1
{
Start command block
Chapter 7
}
End command block
Chapter 7
;
Shell command separator
Chapter 3
`
Strong quote
Chapter 1
<">
Weak quote
Chapter 1
<
Input redirect
Chapter 1
>
Output redirect
Chapter 1
/
Pathname directory separator
Chapter 1
?
Single-character wildcard
Chapter 1
!
Pipeline logical NOT
Chapter 5
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