Electrolytes

Two commonly discussed electrolytes are sodium and potassium (chloride is also an important electrolyte). These nutrients are vital in maintaining optimal function throughout the body at all times. These minerals are regulated by water, by certain adrenal hormones, and by the brain. Sodium plays the most important role because it can easily be influenced by common problems, such as dehydration and adrenal function.

Sodium from the diet helps regulate our appetite for thirst and salt. This regulation occurs through the brain, with the help of the kidney and adrenal glands. Sodium can also help maintain rehydration after water ingestion, even when consumed before and during competition.

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The excess loss of sodium is often associated with overtraining syndrome and poor adrenal function. As discussed previously, the adrenal glands produce the hormone aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium. Reduction in levels of aldosterone, however, may occur in association with excess cortisol production and any type of excess stress, especially overtraining. This can result in excess sodium and water loss and increased potassium levels in the body. In this situation, taking potassium in dietary supplements or as a salt substitute should be avoided.

Chronic adrenal dysfunction, causing excess sodium loss, may also be associated with so-called athlete’s diarrhea. This condition may produce more signs and symptoms with the stress of competition.