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Sport Psychology
In 1956, Roger Bannister became the first runner to break the four-minute barrier in the mile. He later wrote, “Though physiology may indicate respiratory and circulatory limits to muscular effort, psychological and other factors beyond the ken of physiology set the razor’s edge of defeat or victory and determine how close an athlete approaches the absolute limits of performance.” Sport psychology is not necessarily considered a branch of either complementary or mainstream medicine, but clearly it can be used in conjunction with both approaches. A variety of psychological therapies are often used in sports medicine, including hypnosis, mental imagery, EEG-type biofeedback (neurotherapy), and meditation.