Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to diagrams; numbers in bold type refer to Glossary entries.

广告：个人专属 VPN，独立 IP，无限流量，多机房切换，还可以屏蔽广告和恶意软件，每月最低仅 5 美元

allowed states 72, 91, 140, 227, 271, 272
and electrons 61, 63, 64, 73
and ions 133
and photons 73, 85, 208
Angelo, Jack 258
antimatter 221, 231, 271
Aspect, Alain 187–93, 258, 259–60, 275
atoms:
emissions of photons 65, 227, 236
solar-system model 60–62
Bell, John 168, 169, 177
Bell’s theorem 177–186, 181, 187, 258, 271, 273, 275
and Aspect experiments 187–194
Binnig, Gerd 160
black holes, and Hawking radiation 222, 252, 274
Black Light Power 250–1
Bohm, David 97, 186–7
Bohr, Niels 5, 272
and Einstein 166–168, 171, 173, 176
and Heisenberg 171n., 270
and quantum model of hydrogen 60–62, 251, 281
see also Copenhagen interpretation
Casimir forces 65
chaos theory 75
Chopra, Deepak 253–6
classical physics:
and Bohr’s model 60–62
and Copenhagen interpretation 92
definition 3–4, 280
and energy 147–151, 156–7 and interpretation 71
and locality 174
and measurement 132
and momentum 13, 276–7
and particles and waves 12–20
and probability 76
and teleportation 199, 203–5
and uncertainty 46–49
Clauser, John 187n..
coding, dense 220
coherence 114–17, 271–2
Compton, Arthur Holly 29, 31–32
computer, quantum 194, 217–8, 246–7, 263, 279
consciousness, and quantum teleportation 217
conservation of energy 149–81, 152–3, 272
Copenhagen interpretation 69, 91, 272
and decoherence 123, 125, 276
and measurement 92–97, 103, 123, 256
and wavefunction collapse 92–97, 104, 105, 122, 134–5, 256
corral pattern 162, 163
cryptography 194, 218–9, 247, 263
Davisson, Clinton 33, 35, 36, 37
de Broglie, Louis Victor Pierre Raymond 32, 36, 61
de Broglie relation 34, 277
decoherence 100–03, 108–18, 272, 272–3, 276
and entangled states 169–70
and environment 116, 118–23, 169n., 259
and reality 123–6
diffraction 12, 273
of electrons 34, 35, 36
and light waves 21–22, 23 of molecules 38–9, 39
of neutrons 36–7
and sound waves 20–21, 21
duplication at a distance see quantum teleportation
Einstein, Albert 4, 273, 275
and Bohr 166–168, 171, 173, 176
and de Broglie 32
and photoelectric effect 27–29, 31, 277
and randomness 75, 107, 170
and relativity 29, 174n., 228, 280
and uncertainty 170, 254
Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paradox 169, 171–2, 173, 186, 193, 219, 273
electrodynamics see quantum electrodynamics
electrons:
and allowed states 61, 63, 64, 73
diffraction 34, 35, 36
electric dipole moment 243
mass 38
momentum 33, 37, 47, 48–49
as particles 36n., 40–41
and photoelectric effect 27, 28, 31–2
and positrons 230, 234, 235, 238–9, 241, 252
and solar-system model 60–62
and spin 240
and tunneling 156–60, 159, 161–2
and uncertainty principle 47, 48–9, 60–3
wavelength 33, 34, 37–8
as waves 33–7, 40–1, 61–2, 163
and zero-point energy 64–6
see also quantum electrodynamics
energy 273
in classical physics 147–51
conservation 149–51, 152–3, 272
free 245–9
kinetic 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 155, 156–7, 250, 275
and mass 31, 148, 195, 229–30
potential 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 156–7, 159, 250, 278
vacuum 252
and wavefunctions 153
zero-point 64–6, 148n., 221–2, 230, 245–6, 249–51, 283
energy–time uncertainty 221–2, 224–8, 230–1, 235–6, 273, 282
entanglement 165–94, 274
and Aspect experiments 187–93, 188, 190, 192, 258, 259–60
and Bell’s theorem 177–86, 213
and correlation 166–7, 169–70, 177–86, 194, 198, 258, 259–60
and EPR paradox 171–6
and homeopathy 260–2
and nonlocality 173–6, 186, 187–94, 198–9, 207–8, 219, 259
and teleportation 205–15, 216
environment, and interference 116–7, 118–23, 260
EPR see Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paradox
Everett, Hugh III, and many-worlds interpretation 5, 100, 105–7, 276
fax machines 199–200 Feynman, Richard 5, 96, 233, 270, 279
Feynman diagram 233–5, 238–40, 274, 282
Frayn, Michael, Copenhagen 270
frequency, measurement 225–7
Fresnel, Augustin 24
g-factor 240–2, 274
Gabrielse, Gerald 240–1
Gamow, George 270
Germer, Lester 33, 35, 36, 37–40
Gilder, Louisa 269
Gleick, James 270
Greenstein, George and Zajonc, Arthur G. 270
gyromagnetic ratio 240–42, 274
Harris, Sidney 104
Hawking radiation 222, 252, 274–5
health:
distant healing 258–62
and quantum physics 253–57
Heisenberg, Werner
and Bohr 171n., 270
and measurement 76n., 93
uncertainty principle 5, 43–66, 224, 273
Heisenberg microscope 46–9, 171n., 271
Heisenberg relationship 58–9
Herbert, Nick 255n.
Hertz, Heinrich 226n.
homeopathy, and entanglement 260–2
hydrogen, Bohr model 60–2, 251, 281
IBM:
Almaden research laboratory 162
and quantum teleportation 205
and scanning tunneling microscope 160
indeterminacy:
and entanglement 212
and measurement 3, 167–8, 175, 206, 255–6
and polarization 179, 183, 206, 206, 209, 212
and teleportation 198
information 220, 254
interference 34, 168, 275, 281
and decoherence 108–18
and environment 116–7, 118–23, 120, 260
and light waves 23, 29, 86–90, 87, 110–17, 118–23
and molecules 38–9, 39
and neutron diffraction 37
and sound waves 18
interferometer 109–10, 111, 114–17, 115, 119–21
interpretations see Copenhagen interpretation; many-worlds interpretation; ‘shut up and calculate’ interpretation; transactional interpretation
interrogation, quantum 136–41, 192n., 280
ions, and quantum Zeno effect 132–5, 135
Itano, W. M. 132, 135n.
Kimble, Dagenais, and Mandel 32n.
kinetic energy 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 155, 156–7, 250, 275
Kinoshita, Toichiro 241n.
Kwiat, Paul 192n.
Large Hadron Collider 243
Lewis, David Kellogg 223n.
LHV theory see local hidden variable theory
light:
and diffraction 21–2, 23
and interference 23, 29, 86–90, 87, 110–17, 118–23
as particle 14, 24–32, 84–5
polarization 78–85, 89–90, 203–5, 204, 278
quantum theory 4–5
spectrum 25
as wave 20–4, 27, 79, 84, 85
wavelength 21, 29, 30–1, 48
see also photons
Lindley, David 269
local hidden variable theory 173–6, 271, 275
and Aspect experiments 187–93, 188, 190
and Bell’s theorem 177–86
locality 167, 174
Mach–Zehnder interferometer 109n.
magic, and quantum mechanics 245–9, 251, 263–4
many-worlds interpretation 5, 97, 99–126, 272, 276
and decoherence 108–123
and wavefunction branches 100–1, 108, 109–14, 117, 124–5, 129, 136, 256
and wavefunction collapse 105–8, 122, 124–5
mass:
and energy 31, 148, 195, 229–30
of molecules 39
mathematics:
and Copenhagen interpretation 93–4, 103–4, 105
and wavefunctions 48–9, 58–9, 71, 72–3, 94–5, 106
see also Schrödinger equation
measurement 276
in classical physics 132
and correlation 169, 177–85, 194, 258
and decoherence 118–23, 169n.
and determination of state 43–6, 53, 72, 76–8, 85–90, 91, 94–7, 129, 131–4, 140
of frequency 225–7
and health and healing 254–6
limitations 46, 59
macroscopic 92
of photons 85, 86–90, 201–2
and quantum eraser 78–9, 86–90, 279
and quantum interrogation 136–41, 192n.
and quantum Zeno effect 128–9, 131–40, 135, 168–9, 253, 256
and teleportation 206, 207–8, 212–15
and uncertainty principle 43–9, 47, 50–7, 65, 171
see also Copenhagen interpretation; many-worlds interpretation
medicine, alternative 253–61
meditation 256–7
Mermin, David 96n.
microscopes:
electron 48n.
scanning tunneling (STM) 160–4, 162, 163
Milgrom, Lionel R. 261–2
Millikan, Robert 29, 32
Mills, Randell 250
modern physics 4, 276
molecules, wave nature 38–9, 39, 94
momentum 276–7
angular 65
in classical physics 13, 276–7
and electrons 33, 37, 47, 48–9
and kinetic energy 153, 155
and photons 30–1, 47, 48–9
and position 43–9, 51–3, 57–60, 61, 155, 225, 282
and uncertainty principle 43–9, 52–3, 61–4, 170–2
and wavelength 13, 48, 50–2, 57–8, 152–5
motion:
Newtonian laws 3, 14, 73
and Zeno’s paradox 130, 132
muon 241–2
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 132–3
neutrons, as waves 37
Newton, Sir Isaac:
and light 24
and motion 3, 14, 73
Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen 215–6
NIST see National Institute of Standards and Technology
no-cloning theorem 203, 204, 205–6, 212, 277
nonlocality:
and distant healing 258–62
and entanglement 168, 173–6, 186, 187–94, 198–9, 259
and teleportation 205, 207–8, 219
observation, and wavefunction collapse 69, 92–3, 107–8, 102
Oerter, Robert 270
oscillation:
and light waves 23, 25–6, 79–80, 110–11, 227
measurement 225–7
Park, Bob 250
particle–wave duality 11–42, 277
and allowed states 61, 63
and classical physics 13–20
and light and sound 20–32, 84
and quantum eraser 86
and uncertainty principle 43–9, 60
and wavefunction probability 50–7
particles:
and antiparticles 271
in classical physics 12–20
collision 15, 29, 47, 48
and electrons 33–37, 40–1
entangled 166–94, 274, 280
and frequency 29
and light 24–32
mass 39
and quantum tunneling 143–164
as waves 32–41, 147, 164
see also antimatter; photons; virtual particles
Penning trap 241
Penrose, Roger 217
perpetual motion machines 249–50, 252
philosophy, and quantum physics 5–6, 46, 74, 91, 176, 272
photoelectric effect, quantum theory 5n., 27–9, 32, 277
photons 40–1, 277
and allowed states 73, 85, 208
emissions 53, 194, 202
and environment 116–7, 118–23
infrared 180–2, 181
measurement 85, 86–90
and momentum 30–31, 47, 48–9
and photoelectric effect 28–9
and quantum Zeno effect 136–40, 137
and teleportation 201–5, 212–15
virtual 238–9, 241
and wavefunction 85, 86, 113, 121, 201
as waves 40–1
see also light; polarization
physics see classical physics; modern physics; quantum physics
Planck, Max 4, 24–6, 277, 281–2
Planck’s constant (h) 277–8
and light 25–6, 28–30
and uncertainty principle 59, 224
and wavelength 38
Podolsky, Boris 169, 273, 275
polarization 78–85, 80, 88–9, 177–84, 188–91, 278
and indeterminacy 179, 183, 207, 207, 209, 212
and teleportation 201–3, 208–10, 212–15
polarizer/polarizing filter 82–5, 88–9, 177–9, 184, 188–91, 212–15, 278
position:
and momentum 43–9, 51–3, 57–60, 61, 155, 224, 282
and uncertainty principle 43–9, 52–3, 61–4, 170–2
and wavefunction probability 49–57
potential energy 144, 148–52, 150, 153, 156–7, 159, 250, 278
barrier 158n.
Pratchett, Terry, Lords and Ladies 95n.
probability 278
classical distribution 70
and tunneling 156–60, 161, 164
and wavefunction 49–57, 72, 73–4, 76–7, 85, 87–8, 91, 113, 124, 154
protons:
and antiprotons 230–1
as waves 37
QED see quantum electrodynamics
quantum 26–7, 73
quantum computer 164, 218–9, 248, 263, 279
quantum electrodynamics (QED) 5, 233–36, 274, 279
experimental verification 237–42
and hydrogen 251
quantum eraser 78–9, 86–90, 279
quantum field theory 186, 258, 279
quantum interrogation 136–141, 192n., 279
quantum leap 73
quantum mechanics see quantum physics
quantum optics 2
quantum physics:
definition 3, 4, 279
and free energy 249–53
and health 253–62
as magic 245–9, 251, 263–4
misuses 245–65
quantum potential 186
quantum state see state
Quantum Tantra 255n.
quantum teleportation 194, 195–220, 273, 280
applications 216–20
and classical physics 199, 203–5
and entanglement 205–15, 216
experimental demonstration 212–16
and homeopathy 261–2
limitations 200–03
quantum uncertainty see uncertainty principle
quantum Zeno effect 127–41, 280, 280
and measurement 131–40, 135, 168–9
and quantum interrogation 136–141, 192n.
and Zeno’s paradox 129–30
quarks 228, 241n.
qubits 218, 261
radiation, thermal 25, 281–2
randomness 74–6, 86, 102, 116–18, 194, 256
and Einstein 75, 107, 170
and many-worlds interpretation 102, 116–18, 124–5
reality:
and classical physics 71
and decoherence 123–26
limits 49, 57–60
and measurement 95–6
and quantum physics 6, 93
relativity 5–6, 30, 174n., 228, 280
special 29–30
Rohrer, Heinrich 160
Rosen, Nathan 169, 273, 275
Schrödinger equation 72–3, 91, 94, 125, 251, 280
and potential energy 153
and wavefunction collapse 104, 105–6
Schrödinger, Erwin 72n.
Schrödinger’s cat 5, 68–9, 94, 209, 229, 281
Schwinger, Julian 5, 223n., 279
Scientific American 86n.
semiclassical arguments 281
and uncertainty principle 46–49
‘shut up and calculate’ interpretation 96–7, 104
Snow, Tiffany 259
solids, quantum theory 62–3
sound:
and diffraction 20–21, 21, 273
and particle–wave duality 20–4
and wavelength 20–1, 21
spin 240
state 69–70, 197, 281
allowed 61, 63, 64, 72, 73, 91, 208, 271, 272
classical 69–70
entangled 168–64
and measurement see measurement
and teleportation 197–9, 213–16, 217–18, 280
and uncertainty principle 57
see also superposition states
STM see microscopes, scanning tunneling (STM)
superposition states 68–9, 78, 105, 230, 276, 281
and decoherence 123–4
and measurement 91, 129, 174–5, 208–9
and polarization of light 79–86, 201–2
and quantum electrodynamics 237–40
and quantum eraser 86–90
and teleportation 215, 216
and wavefunction 201
tau particles 241n.
Tegmark, Max 222
teleportation see quantum teleportation
temperature, and energy 148
Thompson, George Paget 36
Thomson, J. J. 36n.
time:
Planck time 232n..
see also energy–time uncertaint
Tomonaga, Shin-Ichiro 232n. 279
transactional interpretation 97
tunneling 62, 143–64, 282
and scanning tunneling microscope 160–4, 162, 163
turning point 152, 153–4
uncertainty 155, 157
uncertainty principle 5, 43–66, 166, 282
energy–time uncertainty 221–2, 224–8, 230–1, 235–6, 273, 282
and limits of reality 49, 57–60
and position and momentum 43–9, 51–3, 57–60, 61, 155, 224, 282
and semiclassical arguments 46–9
and zero-point energy 64–6
universes, parallel see many-worlds interpretation
velocity:
and kinetic energy 148–149
and particles 15, 152
and uncertainty principle 43–4, 47, 48, 57–8, 63
and waves 17
virtual particles 6, 65, 221–2, 229, 282
and antimatter 221, 230, 271
experimental verification 237–43
and quantum electrodynamics 233–36, 238–43, 274, 279
and uncertainty principle 229
and zero-point energy 221–2, 224, 230–1, 251
wave packet 52–7
wavefunction 45, 71–9, 282–3
branches 100–1, 108–15, 117, 124–5, 129, 136, 256
coherence 114–17
decoherence 100–3, 108–18, 121
and Heisenberg relationships 58–9
infinite-sum 57
one-part 78, 87, 89–90, 105
and potential energy 153
and probability 49–57, 72, 73–4, 76–7, 85, 87–8, 91, 113, 124, 154, 282–3
and Schrödinger equation 72–3, 91, 280
and tunneling 158, 159
two-part 78, 87–89, 89–90, 133, 138
and uncertainty 74
wavefunction collapse 272, 276
and Copenhagen interpretation 92–7, 104, 105, 122, 134–5, 256
and many-worlds interpretation 105–8, 122, 124–5
and measurement 68, 92–6, 124, 129
no-collapse interpretations 93n.
and observer 68, 93
and Schrödinger equation 104, 105–6
wavelength 12–13, 17, 79
and diffraction 21–21, 21, 34, 273
and electrons 33, 34, 37–8, 158
and light 21, 29, 30–1, 48
and momentum 13, 48, 50–2, 57–8, 152–5
and particles/mass 39
and sound 20–21, 21
and uncertainty principle 53–7
waves:
amplitude 16–17, 79, 80
in classical physics 16–19
and coherence 271–2
diffraction 20–22, 23, 273
frequency 17, 25–8, 79, 225
and interference patterns 18, 22, 23, 275
see also light; particle–wave duality; sound
Wigner, Eugene, “friend” experiment 94–5
Wineland, D. J. 132, 134
Wootters, William 202, 205
Young, Thomas 22–4, 34, 36, 40, 86
Zeilinger, Anton 38–9, 39, 213–5, 214
Zeno of Elea 130
zero-point energy 148n., 245–6, 283
and free energy schemes 249–51
and uncertainty 60–66, 230–1
and virtual particles 221, 224
Zurek, Wojchiech 202