8. FINDING STRENGTH TOGETHER

“We are caught in an inescapable network”: Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963: quoted at www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/04/martin-luther-kings-letter-from-birmingham-jail/274668/.

In 1972, a plane flying: Spencer Harrison, “The Role of Hope in Organizing: The Case of the 1972 Andes Flight Disaster” (working paper, 2016); Piers Paul Read, Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1974); Nando Parrado, Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home (New York: Crown, 2006); Roberto Canessa and Pablo Vierci, I Had to Survive: How a Plane Crash in the Andes Inspired My Calling to Save Lives (New York: Atria Books, 2016); Michael Useem, The Go Point: How to Get Off the Fence by Knowing What to Do and When to Do It (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006); Pablo Vierci, La Sociedad de la Nieve: Por Primera Vez Los 16 Sobrevivientes de los Andes Cuentan la Historia Completa (Argentina: Editorial Sudamericana, 2008), translated from the Spanish by Spencer Harrison.

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“communities of people generate new images”: James D. Ludema, Timothy B. Wilmot, and Suresh Srivastava, “Organizational Hope: Reaffirming the Constructive Task of Social and Organizational Inquiry,” Human Relations 50 (1997): 1015–52.

Believing in new possibilities helps people: C. R. Snyder, “Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Nurturing Hope,” Journal of Counseling and Development 73 (1995): 355–60; C. R. Snyder, Handbook of Hope (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000).

“grounded hope”: David B. Feldman and Lee Daniel Kravetz, Supersurvivors: The Surprising Link Between Suffering and Success (New York: Harper Wave, 2014).

when thirty-three miners were trapped: “Chile Miners Get Support from ‘Alive’ Crash Survivors,” BBC News, September 4, 2010: www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-11190456; “ ‘Alive’ Survivors Reach Out to Trapped Chilean Miners,” Weekend Edition Sunday, NPR, September 5, 2010: www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129662796; “A Survivor’s Message to Miners,” YouTube, accessed on December 15, 2016: www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLHhTLbjtkY.

Experience Camps: www.experience.camp.

He has since testified: “Testimony of Former SHU Inmate Steven Czifra at the Joint Legislative Hearing on Solitary Confinement in California,” October 9, 2013, accessed on December 23, 2016: www.whatthefolly.com/2013/10/22/transcript-testimony-of-former-shu-inmate-steven-czifra-at-the-joint-legislative-hearing-on-solitary-confinement-in-california-oct-9-2013/; “Steven Czifra Speaks on Solitary Confinement in North Berkeley,” YouTube, November 6, 2013, accessed on December 23, 2016: www.youtube.com/watch?v=aodLBlt1i00.

Underground Scholars Initiative: Larissa MacFarquhar, “Building a Prison-to-School Pipeline,” The New Yorker, December 12, 2016: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/the-ex-con-scholars-of-berkeley; Jessie Lau, “Incarceration to Convocation,” The Daily Californian, May 10, 2015: www.dailycal.org/2015/05/10/incarceration-to-convocation/.

The Posse Foundation: www.possefoundation.org.

shared narratives can build collective resilience: Michèle Lamont, Graziella Moraes Silva, Jessica S. Welburn, et al., Getting Respect: Responding to Stigma and Discrimination in the United States, Brazil, and Israel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).

When college students were reminded: Michael Johns, Toni Schmader, and Andy Martens, “Knowing Is Half the Battle: Teaching Stereotype Threat as a Means of Improving Women’s Math Performance,” Psychological Science 16 (2005): 175–79.

black students scored lower: Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson, “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995): 797–811. For a review, see Hannah-Hanh D. Nguyen and Ann Marie Ryan, “Does Stereotype Threat Affect Test Performance of Minorities and Women? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Evidence,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2008): 1314–34.

“stereotype threat”: Claude M. Steele, “A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance,” American Psychologist 52 (1997): 613–29; Jenessa R. Shapiro and Steven L. Neuberg, “From Stereotype Threat to Stereotype Threats: Implications of a Multi-Threat Framework for Causes, Moderators, Mediators, Consequences, and Interventions,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2007): 107–30.

“The buzz around the school”: Tina Rosenberg, “Beyond SATs, Finding Success in Numbers,” The New York Times, February 15, 2012: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/beyond-sats-finding-success-in-numbers/?scp=1&sq=fixes%20stereotype%20threat&st=cse.

peer support can have a big impact: Dan S. Chiaburu and David A. Harrison, “Do Peers Make the Place? Conceptual Synthesis and Meta-Analysis of Coworker Effects on Perceptions, Attitudes, OCBs, and Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2008): 1082–103; Chockalingam Viswesvaran, Juan I. Sanchez, and Jeffrey Fisher, “The Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 54 (1999): 314–34.

By helping people cope with difficult circumstances: Geoff DeVerteuil and Oleg Golubchikov, “Can Resilience Be Redeemed?” City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 20 (2016): 143–51; Markus Keck and Patrick Sakdapolrak, “What Is Social Resilience? Lessons Learned and Ways Forward,” Erdkunde 67 (2013): 5–19.

“On Friday night, you stole the life”: Antoine Leiris, You Will Not Have My Hate (New York: Penguin Press, 2016).

“Moral elevation” describes the feeling: Jonathan Haidt, “Elevation and the Positive Psychology of Morality,” in Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived, ed. Corey L. M. Keyes and Jonathan Haidt (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003); Rico Pohling and Rhett Diessner, “Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature,” Review of General Psychology 20 (2016): 412–25; Sara B. Algoe and Jonathan Haidt, “Witnessing Excellence in Action: The ‘Other-Praising’ Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration,” The Journal of Positive Psychology 4 (2009): 105–27; Simone Schnall, Jean Roper, and Daniel M. T. Fessler, “Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 315–20.

“the better angels of our nature”: Abraham Lincoln’s first inaugural address, March 4, 1861, accessed on December 15, 2016: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp.

elevation leads us to look: Dan Freeman, Karl Aquino, and Brent McFerran, “Overcoming Beneficiary Race as an Impediment to Charitable Donations: Social Dominance Orientation, the Experience of Moral Elevation, and Donation Behavior,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (2009): 72–84; Karl Aquino, Brent McFerran, and Marjorie Laven, “Moral Identity and the Experience of Moral Elevation in Response to Acts of Uncommon Goodness,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (2011): 703–18; Jane E. Dutton, Monica C. Worline, Peter J. Frost, and Jacoba Lilius, “Explaining Compassion Organizing,” Administrative Science Quarterly 51 (2006): 59–96.

“Let no man pull you so low”: Martin Luther King Jr., quoted in Clayborne Carson and Peter Holloran, eds., A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Grand Central, 2000).

Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston: Elahe Izadi, “The Powerful Words of Forgiveness Delivered to Dylann Roof by Victims’ Relatives,” The Washington Post, June 19, 2015: www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/19/hate-wont-win-the-powerful-words-delivered-to-dylann-roof-by-victims-relatives; John Eligon and Richard Fausset, “Defiant Show of Unity in Charleston Church That Lost 9 to Racist Violence,” The New York Times, June 21, 2015: www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/us/ame-church-in-charleston-reopens-as-congregation-mourns-shooting-victims.html; Alexis Simmons, “Families Impacted by Gun Violence Unite at Mother Emanuel Calling for Gun Reform,” KCTV News, April 24, 2016: www.kctv5.com/story/31804155/families-impacted-by-gun-violence-unite-at-mother-emanuel-calling-for-gun-reform; Michael S. Schmidt, “Background Check Flaw Let Dylann Roof Buy Gun, F.B.I. Says,” The New York Times, July 10, 2015: www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/us/background-check-flaw-let-dylann-roof-buy-gun-fbi-says.html.

led the congregation in singing “Amazing Grace”: “President Obama Sings ‘Amazing Grace,’ ” YouTube, accessed on January 13, 2017: www.youtube.com/watch?v=IN05jVNBs64.

“What unites us is stronger”: Richard Fausset and John Eligon, “Charleston Church Reopens in Moving Service as Congregation Mourns,” The Charlotte Observer, June 21, 2015: www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article25113397.html.

the Charleston Area Justice Ministry: http://thedartcenter.org/.

In 2010 alone, there were approximately four hundred: Dean A. Shepherd and Trenton A. Williams, “Local Venturing as Compassion Organizing in the Aftermath of a Natural Disaster: The Role of Localness and Community in Reducing Suffering,” Journal of Management Studies 51 (2014): 952–94.

Resilient communities have strong social ties: See Daniel P. Aldrich and Michelle A. Meyer, “Social Capital and Community Resilience,” American Behavioral Scientist 59 (2015): 254–69; Stevan E. Hobfoll, Patricia Watson, Carl C. Bell, et al., “Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence,” Psychiatry 70 (2007): 283–315. Communities that have more financial resources are often more resilient too. After Hurricane Andrew hit Florida in August 1992, people were significantly more likely to develop PTSD if they lost their homes and could not obtain the funding to rebuild: Gail Ironson, Christina Wynings, Neil Schneiderman, et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Intrusive Thoughts, Loss, and Immune Function After Hurricane Andrew,” Psychosomatic Medicine 59 (1997): 128–41. And psychologists note that “moves by the state of Mississippi to force insurance companies to pay for damages following state law is a critical mental health intervention”: Hobfoll et al., “Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention.”

After the 1994 genocide in Rwanda: J. P. De Jong, Wilma F. Scholte, Maarten Koeter, and Augustinus A. M. Hart, “The Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Rwandan and Burundese Refugee Camps,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102 (2000): 171–77.

The camps with the greatest resilience: Joop de Jong, ed., Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context (New York: Springer, 2002).

“leftover women”: Brooke Larmer, “The Price of Marriage in China,” The New York Times, March 9, 2013: www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/business/in-a-changing-china-new-matchmaking-markets.html; A.A., “ ‘Leftover’ and Proud,” The Economist, August 1, 2014: www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2014/08/womens-voices.

“absolutely nothing until she is married”: Clarissa Sebag-Montefiore, “Romance with Chinese Characteristics,” The New York Times, August 21, 2012: http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/romance-with-chinese-characteristics/?_r=0.

More than 80,000 women: Jenni Risku, “Reward Actors Who Promote Diversity: Lean In China’s Virginia Tan,” e27, September 19, 2016: https://e27.co/reward-actors-who-promote-diversity-lean-in-chinas-virginia-tan-20160916/.