ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

 

4.1 Photograph courtesy of the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

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6.1 The New York Times Archive/Redux

7.1 Copyright Robert Lord

7.2 Reprinted with permission from Journal Franklin Institute, vol. 262, E. F. Moore and C. E. Shannon, “Reliable Circuits Using Less Reliable Rays,” pp. 191–208, © 1956, with permission from Elsevier.

7.3 Taken from Claude Elwood Shannon Collected Papers, ed. NJA Sloane & Aaron Wyner © 1993 IEEE

7.4 Taken from Claude Elwood Shannon Collected Papers, ed. NJA Sloane & Aaron Wyner, © 1993 IEEE

7.5 © Mary E. Shannon

8.1 Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images

8.2 Keystone/Stringer/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

8.3 Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images

9.1 Taken from Entropy and Energy Levels by Gasser & Richards (1974) Figs. 9.7, 9.8 pp. 117–118. By permission of Oxford University Press.

9.2 From Symbols, Signals & Noise by J. R. Pierce (Harper & Brothers, NY, 1961), p. 199.

9.3 Copyright © 2010 Stanley Angrist, reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group.

9.4 Reproduced from Fundamentals of Cybernetics, Lerner AY (Plenum Publishing Corp., NY 1975), p. 257.

9.5 Copyright © 2010 Stanley Angrist, reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group

12.1 Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

13.1 Christopher Fuchs