索引

A

acceleration principle,加速原理,6164,91

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accounting identities,会计恒等式,5455

accounting systems,会计体系,68

Adams,Russell L-,鲁塞尔·L·亚当斯,120n

age,年龄

of children,as parental preference,父母偏好的儿童,62

as discrete variable,作为离散变量的,170

dynamics of,动态过程,5961,171,189

of induction for draftees,有关招募新兵的,6061

at marriage,结婚,39,56,202

positions in distribution by,在分配中的地位,6566,171

of unmarried males,未婚男性的,5758

age,sorting and mixing by,年龄、分类和混合,37,39,169190

alternative preferences in closed models of,封闭模型中的其他偏好,174182

closed models for,封闭模型,171,173182,183,184

constraining identities in,限制性恒等式,5961,171,189

mediating variables and,中间变量,190

nature and use of models for,模型的性质和应用,169171,182184,186187

open models for,开放模型,171,172173,184

optimality of equilibrium in quartile or decile terms,四分位或十分位数条件下均衡的最优性,178179

in residential homes for the elderly,老年之家,184186,189

in three-room model,三个房间模型,180181

in two-room model,两个房间模型,172180,187

索引age profile,population,年龄特征、人口,77

aggregation vs-segregation,集合与分割,153155

air pollution,空气污染,113

airport noise,机场噪音,114

Akerlof,George A-,乔治·A·阿克洛夫,99101,188n

almost-closed systems,近似封闭系统,69,73

alternating systems,交替系统,77

ant colony,蚁群,2122

attendance patterns,参会模式

at “dying seminars”,在“逐渐衰亡的研讨会”上,9194,97,105106

at lecture-course review sessions,在课程的复习课会上,102107,108,109

at skating rink,在室内滑冰场里,107108

auditorium seating,听众席入座,1119,27,36,66

automobile disposal tax,汽车丢弃税,70

automobiles,in lemon market,次品市场上的汽车,99100

Awrey,Don,董·奥瑞,213

B

baldheadedness,秃头程度,204,205,206,209

Bartlett,Maurice S-,茅利斯·S·巴特莱,91n

baseball,棒球,143146

beach attendance,海滩人数,3334

binary choices,二元选择,96,213243

collective maximum in,集体最优,222223,226234

complementarity in,互补性,23738

dual equilibria in,双重均衡,21343

externalities and,外部性,213,229230

schematic summary of,概要提要,241243

sex preference as,性别偏好,238239

sufficiency in,充足性,239241

uniformity in,一致性,234237

see also MPD,同时可参照MPD

birth rate,sex ratio and,出生率,性别比,202

black-outs,and brown-outs,断电和低压,128,129,130,131

blacks,黑人

recruitment of,in labor supply,招募,劳动力供给,6263

self-fulfilling prophecies about,自我实现的预测,116

see also bounded-neighborhood model:neighborhood model,selfforming;racial sorting and mixing;segregation,参见有界邻里模型:邻里模型,自我形成;种族分类和融合;种族隔离

black-white marriage,黑人与白人的婚姻,58

bottlenecks,瓶颈,6768,76,124127

Boulding,Kenneth E-,肯尼斯·E·鲍丁,91n

bounded-neighborhood model,有界邻里模式,91,155166

alternative numbers of blacks and whites in,不同的黑人和白人的人数,162164

alternative tolerance schedules in,不同的“容忍度”表,161162

definition of neighborhood in,邻里的定义,155

dynamics,动态进程,159161

integrationist preferences in,种族隔离消除论者的偏好,164165

“tolerance”in,容忍,155

varieties of results in,结果的多样性,164

buffaloes,美洲野牛,132

C

carbon-dioxide budget,二氧化碳预算,7374

CB radios,CB无线频率,239240

children,choosing genes of,儿童,选择基因,193210

baldheadedness in,秃头程度,204,205,206,209

body size in,身材大小,197,204,207

consequences of having choice in,有选择的结果,209210

cultural consequences of,文化影响,204205

demographic consequences of,人口学上的影响,204

government role in,政府角色,202203

motivational and demographic configurations in,动机和人口学上的结构,207208

pathologies in,病理学,204,205,207

sex choice in,性别选择,196203

technology in,技术,195196,197198

traditional eugenics,传统优生学,193,206

see also genetics;sex preferences and ratios,也见遗传学,性别偏好和性别比率

Christmas cards,圣诞卡片,3133,4748

churches,segregation in,教堂,种族隔离,137

circulating systems,循环系统,6770,77

clandestine activity,秘密行动,42

clocks and calendars,时钟和日历,121122

closed systems,封闭系统,5155

coalitions,联盟,218,221,224,232341,239

college admission,大学录取,186

college dormitories and dining rooms,大学宿舍和食堂,3738,5859

color,as discrete variable,色彩,作为离散变量,170

color ratios,肤色比率,141142

in neighborhood models,在邻里模型中,147166

“tolerance”for,容忍度,155166

see also segregation;segregation models,同时可参照种族隔离,隔离模型

commons,model of the,公地模型,110115,231

communications systems,通信系统

binary choice in,二元选择,239240

color-correlated,与颜色相关的,40,137,139

homogeneity enhanced by,增强的同质性,4041

interactive participation in,相互参与,4041

complementary population sets,互补的人口集合,5658,77

congestion,拥堵,107108,113,114,124,231

see also traffic congestion,同时可参照交通拥堵

conservation,principle of,守恒定理,68,76

conservative systems,守恒系统,6870

carbon-dioxide budget as,二氧化碳预算,7475

energy,能量,74

water,水,74

constraining identities,限制性等式

in acceleration principle,加速原理,6164

accounting identities and,会计恒等式,5455

definitions and,定义,5155,58

in demography,人口统计学,5961

in dynamics of aging,年龄的动态过程,5961,171,189

in musical chairs,抢凳子游戏,42,50

in paired populations,匹配的群体,5658

in patterns and structures,模式和结构,7380

in positions in distributions,分配中的位置,6466

puzzles based on,基于……的论述,5455,7880

in waiting lines,排队等候,6770

construction industry,建筑工业,62

continuous variables,连续变量,170171

contractual arrangements,契约安排,29,35

copyright laws,版权法,33,34

criminal justice,as semi-closed system,半封闭系统中的形式正义,77

critical mass,临界质量,9196

critical-mass models,临界物质模型

conditional vs-unconditional choices in,有条件的和无条件的选择,9798

cross-over points in,交叉点,9697,101

diagrammatics of,图表型的,102110

in effects of body heat,体温效果,95

as family of models,家庭模型,8990

lemons model as,次品模型,99101

outcome preference in,结果偏好,9899

for review session attendance,总结课的听课人数,102107,108,109110

in self-fulfilling prophecy,自我实现的预测,117118

for skating ring attendance,滑雪运动场的参加人数,107108

tipping model as,倾斜模型,101102

critical number,临界数值,95,9697,102110

cyclical processes,循环过程,83133

in expectations,预期,115119

in measles epidemics,麻疹流行学,8586

social behavior and,社会行为,8791

thermostat as model of,温度自动调节系统模型,8385,8789

time lags in,时间滞后,8485,8687

see also commons,model of the;critical-mass models;expectations;self-enforcing conventions;self-fulfilling prophecies,同时参照公地模型;临界质量模型;期望;自我强制的传统;自我实现的预测

D

daylight saving,夏令时,121,124,236

decimal coinage,十进制货币,122

decimal system,十进制,237

definitions,定义

facts vs-,事实,65

propositions yielded by,产生的命题,5155,58

demography,人口统计学,75

gene choices and,基因选择,204,207208

inviolable arithmetic of,既定算术规则,5961

sex preferences and,性别偏好,199200

dining halls,餐厅,187,188189

see also college dormitories and dining rooms,同时可参照大学食堂和餐厅

discrete variables,离散变量,170171

discriminatory,behavior,歧视性行为,137,138

diseases,infectious vs-non-infectious,传染性疾病和非传染性疾病,53,77

divorce,离婚,39

Dodgertown,道奇镇,143

double-entry bookkeeping systems,复式记账系统,68

draftees,应征人数,6061,6364,77

duodecimal system,十二进制,121122,237

dying-seminar model,逐渐衰亡的研讨会模型,9194,97,105106

E

economics,经济学

accounting statements in,会计报表,4950

equivalences and invariances in,等价和不变性,75

exchanges of equivalent values in,等值兑换,49

individual vs-aggregate in,个体和总体,2024,140141

as special case,特例,2733

voluntary participation in,自动参与,2831

elderly,residence for,老年居所,184186,189

electric power failures,电力故障,128,129,130,131

energy budget,能量预算,74

engineers,in recruitment cycle,招募循环中的工程师,8687

environment,环境

as continuous or discrete,连续的或离散的,170171

individual interaction with,summarized,总结性的个体互动作用,1314

epidemiological cycles,流行病循环,8586

equilibria,equilibrium analysis,均衡,均衡分析,2527

in age distribution,年龄分布,172,173182

in color-ratio tolerance,对肤色比率的容忍度,155166

of distribution by sex in college facilities,大学的性别分布,3738

meaning of,……的含义,25

“neutral”,“中性的”,178

as non-evaluative,不可估价的,2627

equilibria in binary choices,二元选择均衡,224243

dual,双重,231234,242

as inefficient,无效的,224225,227,232

as “potential”,“潜在的”,243

“truncated dual”,不完整的双均衡,233234

ethnic characteristics,gene choice and,种族特征,基因选择,196,208

eugenics,traditional,传统的优生学,193,206

exhaustive subdivisions,详细的细分,53,7879

expectations,预期,115119

as interactive,互动的,3132,37

self-confirming,see self-fulfilling prophecy,自我肯定,参照自我满足预测

self-correcting,自我修正,119

self-enforcing rules and,自我强制的法则,119124

self-equilibrating,自我均衡,119

self-negating,自我否定,118

externalities,外部性,213243

conditional,条件的,229230

meaning of,含义,213

F

feedback systems,反馈系统,50

free market,see markets,market behavior,自由市场,参照市场,市场行为

frequency distributions,频率分布

of critical mass,临界质量,102110

of “tolerance,”“容忍度”,156,157165

G

gambling,赌博,68

game theory,博弈论,110

genetics,遗传学,7273,193210

marital choice and,婚姻选择,35,140

see also children,choosing genes,同时参照儿童,选择基因

golden rule,黄金法则,131,224

Green,Teddy,特迪·格林,213

H

handedness in gene choice,左右手习惯基因选择,204205

Hardin,Garrett,格雷特·哈丁,110111

Harris,Richard,理查德·哈里斯,241n

hockey helmets,曲棍球头盔,213214,223224

housing industry,房地产业,5253

Hull,Bobby,巴比·哈尔,213,223

I

identical equations,恒等式,51

identities,constraining,see constraining identities,恒等式,限制性的,参照限制性恒等式

income,sorting and mixing by,收入,分类和融合,139,169190

mediating variables and,中间变量,190

see also age,sorting and mixing by,同时参照年龄,分类和融合

incomes and expenses,收入和支出,7172

individual and aggregate,个体和集体:

in economics,经济学,2024,140141

need for mediating model in study of,研究中需要的中间模型,182183

in segregation,隔离,138,140141,145147

social contract and,社会契约,124133

inflation,通货膨胀,55

information,信息

in binary,choices,二元选择,229230

color-discriminating,色彩区分,139

in communication system,通信系统,40,147

in free market,自由市场,29

insecticides,杀虫剂,239

institutional arrangements,制度安排

free market and,自由市场和,29,33

individual motives vs-group interest and,个体动机和群体利益,127133

insurance costs,保险成本

lemons model and,次品模型,100,188

and sorting of members,成员分类,188

integration,融合

minority status in,少数群体地位,143

as preference in neighborhood model,作为邻里模型中的偏好,164165

types of,……的类型,3637

see also blacks;bounded-neighborhood model,color ratios;neighborhood model,self-forming;racial sorting and mixing;segregation;sex,sorting and mixing by,同时参照黑人,有界邻里模型,肤色比率,邻域模型,自我形成的,种族分类和混合,隔离,性别,分类和混合

interactive processes,互动过程,14

examples of,例子,3642

market activity and,市场行为和,3132,3435

IQ,gene choice and,智商,基因选择,208209

L

language,语言

as adaptive behavior,适应性行为,3940

marital choice and,婚姻选择,58

segregating influence of,隔离的影响,137,139,146,147

self-enforcing,自我约束的,122

legal arrangements,free market and,法律安排,自由市场,29,33

lemons model,次品模型,99101

life expectancy,预期寿命

insurance rates and,保率,100,188

marriage and,婚姻,5657,202

see also longevity,同时可参照寿命

life insurance,see insurance costs,寿险,参照保险成本

littering the commons,在公共场所乱扔垃圾,113114,131

longevity,gene selection and,长寿,基因选择,204,208209

M

Maher,Charles,查尔斯·马赫,143n

Malthusian analysis,马尔萨斯的分析,26

“market for lemons”(Akerlof),“次品市场”(阿克洛夫),99101,188n

markets,market behavior,市场,市场行为,2024

analogous segregation models,类似的分割模型,188189

contrived,人为的,3334

economists- view of,经济学家的观点,2223

failure of,失败,2930

functions of,……功能,23,31

meaning of,含义,23

in noneconomic social activities,在非经济学的社会行为中,2324

partial,部分的,3436

requirements for workability of,对……可使用性的需求,2930

as special case,特例,2733

marriage,婚姻,3536,39,40

age at,……年龄,39,56,202

contractual aspects of,契约方面,35

cross-group,交叉群体,58

effects of sex-ratio imbalance on,性别比例不平衡的影响,201202

life expectancy and,预期寿命,5657,202

pairing from complementary populations in,互补群体的匹配,5658,77

mean values and medians,均值和中值

in age,preferences for,年龄、偏好,169,171,172178,180182

ranking relative to,相对排序,6466,171

measles,麻疹,8586,8990,91

metric system,change to,公制系统,变成……,122

migration,移民

racial sorting and mixing as result of,作为结果的种族隔离和融合,101,145147

as semi-closed system,半封闭系统,69,77

minority recruitment,少数派招募,6263

minority status,少数派地位

arithmetic of,算术的,141142,143

avoidance of,as motive,避免……的动机,146147,154

models,模型

closed,封闭,171,173182,183,184

criterion of simplicity in,简单化原理,89,183

discrete vs-continuous variables in,离散和连续变量,170171

families of,exemplified,家庭,事例的,83133

families of,explained,家庭,阐释的,8991

need for,需要,182184

open,开放的,171,172173,184

in social sciences,社会科学,8791

see also specific models,同时参照具体模型

morals,social organization and,道德,社会组织,128

Morgan,Garrett A-,格雷特·A·摩根,120n

mortality rates,population growth and,死亡率,人口增长,60n

Mosteller,Frederick,弗里德里克·莫斯特勒,91n

MPD(uniform multi-person prisoner-s dilemma),MPD(一致的多人囚徒困境),217237

“coalition”,联盟,218,221,224,232234,239

commons model and,公地模型,110111,231

conditional externality in,条件的外部性,229230

defined,定义,217218

in enforcement of non-equilibrium choice,非均衡选择的实施,225234

inefficient equilibrium of,无效均衡,224225,227,232

significant parameters in,重要参数,218,221223

size of coalition,联盟规模,222

as “truncated dual equilibrium”,作为“不完全的双重均衡”,233-234

see also binary choices,同时可参照二元选择

multiplier effect,乘数效应,106-107

musical chairs.as model,抢凳子游戏模型,42,50

N

national-income accounting,国民收入核算,40

neighborhood model,self-forming,邻里模式,自我形成的,147-153

aggregation vs.segregation and,集合与分割,153-155

chain reaction in,连锁反应,150,53,154

neighborhoods,邻里

abandonment,遗弃,93,101

as area surrounding individual,作为包括个体的区域,148,170

as commonly defined,一般定义,155,170

see also bounded-neighborhood model;neighborhood model,self-forming,同时参照有界邻里模型,邻里模型,自我形成模型

noise,噪音,113-114,131

O

oil reserves,石油储备,111,113

on-off choices,开关选择,96

overshoot,超调,83-87

P

paired populations,匹配的群体,56-58

pairs,as constraining framework,应酬,限制性框架,76

parties and receptions,宴会和招待会,36,144-145,146

pass-fail grading,及格—不及格打分,97-98

pet ownership,宠物所有权,34-35

poker,扑克,42,68

pollution,污染,111,113

population size and density,人口规模和密度,187

positions in a distribution,分配中的地位,64-66

prices in equilibrium,均衡价格,25

prisoner-s dilemma,囚徒困境

commons model and,公地模型,110-111,231

defined,定义为,216-217

uniform multi-person,see MPD,一致的多人,参照MPD

property rights,产权,29,33,34

purposive behavior,目的性行为,17

puzzles,谜,54-55,72,79-80

Q

quantitative constraints,see constraining identities,数量限制,参照限制性条件

R

race,marital choice and,种族、婚姻选择,58

racial sorting and mixing,种族隔离和融合,37,39,40,137-166

in college dormitories,大学宿舍,59

quantitative constraints in,数量限制,141-142

scrambling system and,不规则系统,143-144,146

separating mechanisms in,分离机制,142-143

see also blacks;bounded-neighborhood model;color ratios;integration;neighborhood model,self-forming;segregation,同时参照黑人,有界邻里模型,肤色比例融合,邻里模型,自我形成,隔离

reservoir,as semi-closed system,水库,作为半封闭系统,76-77

residential homes for elderly,老年人住宅,184-186,189

residential location,居住位置,12-13

income and color in,收入和色彩,139,145-166

market vs-interactive process in,市场和互动过程,34

as spatial distribution,空间分配,36

see also bounded-neighborhood model;neighborhood model,self-forming,同时参照有界邻里模式,邻里模式,自我形成

right-of-way,优先通行权,28

S

San Francisco Bay bridge,旧金山海湾大桥,69-70

sanitary landfill,卫生垃圾,113

Schelling,Thomas,谢林·托马斯,166n

schools,学校,93-94,101

scientists,in recruitment cycle,科学家,招募循环,86-87

segregation,分割

aggregation vs-,集合,153-155

by biological evolution,生物进化,140

chain reaction in,连锁反应,150-153

communication systems and,通信系统,40-41,137

discriminatory,歧视性的,137,138

as economically induced,经济诱导的,139

mediating variables and,中间变量,190

one-sided or asymmetrical,单边的或者不对称的,137,145

organized,组织的,137,138

polarizing choices in,极端的选择,120,146-147

“tolerance”ratios,容忍度,155-165

types of,……的类型,36-37,137,138-139

see also age,sorting and mixing by;blacks;bounded-neighborhood mo-del;color ratios;integration;neigh-borhood model,self-forming;neigh-borhoods;racial sorting and mixing;residential location;sex,sorting and mixing by,同时参照年龄,分类和融合,黑人,有界邻里模型,肤色比例,融合,邻里模型,自我形成,邻里,种族隔离和融合,住宅位置,性别,分类和融合

segregation models,分割模型,169-170

closed,封闭的,171,173-182,183,184

market analogous to,类似市场的,188-189

need for,需要,182-184

open,开放的,171,172-173,184

structure of,结构,186-187

three-room,三个房间的,180-181

two-room,两个房间的,172-180,187

see also specific models,同时可参照具体模型

self-confirming signals,自我肯定信号,119

self-displacing prophecy,自我否定的预测,118

self-enforcing conventions,自我约束的传统,119-124,236

self-equilibrating expectations,自我均衡期望,119

self-forming neighborhood model,see neighborhood model,self-forming,自我形成邻里模型,参照邻里模型,自我形成

self-fulfilling prophecy,自我证实的预期,115-118

self-negating prophecy,自我否定预期,118

semi-closed systems,半封闭系统,69-70,73-75,76-77

sex,sorting and mixing by,性别,分离和融合,137-166

in college facilities,在大学里,37-38,58-59

at dinner,在餐厅,142

mechanisms for,机制,142

scrambling system and,不规则系统,144-145

see also racial sorting and mixing;segregation,同时可参照种族分离和融合,隔离

sex preferences and ratios,性别偏好和性别比率,72,196-203,206,209-210,237-238

siblings,兄弟姐妹

“multiple pairing”and,多重匹配,77

sex-choice technology and,性别选择技术,200,201

signals,self-confirming,信号,自我肯定的,119

signs,one-way,信号,单行的,119,120

single populations,单一人口,60-61

skating rink,滑冰圆道,107-108

ski lift,滑雪,67-69

smallpox vaccinations,天花疫苗接种,222-223

Smith,Adam,亚当·斯密,22

Smith,J-Maynard,J·梅纳德·史密斯,91n

smokers,segregation of,吸烟者,隔离,145,146

social biology,社会生物学,21

social contract,社会契约,124-133

social ethics,社会伦理,129

social organization,社会组织,124-133,126

prisoner-s dilemma (MPD) and,囚徒困境(MPD),224-225,229-230,232

see also institutional arrangements;social contract,同时可参照制度安排,社会契约

social sciences,社会科学

evaluation in,评估,19

models in,模型,87-91

patterns and structures in,模式和结构,75

solar energy,太阳能,73,74

sorting,see segregation,分离,参照分割

spatial distribution,空间分配,36,66,142

sports,体育,143-146,213

status,segregation by,地位,分割,189-190

stock exchange,证券交易所,50-51

“stopping rules”,for births,“停育规则”,对于生育,72

supply,equilibrium and,供给,均衡的,25-26

surfers and swimmers,冲浪者和游泳者,145,153

T

Tanur,Judith M-,祖迪斯·M·特纳,91n

telephoning,打电话,47-49

terminologies,术语,39

thermostat,调温的,83-89

tipping model,倾斜模型,99,101-102

tolerance,color-ratio,see boundedneighborhood model,容忍度,肤色比例,参照有界邻里模型

tow cables,拖车链,227-228

traffic congestion,交通拥堵,67-68,124-127,130,132

commons model and,公地模型,113,114,115

information and binary choices in,信息和二元选择,229-230

social organization and,社会组织,126-127

traffic patterns,in semi-closed systems,交通模式,半封闭系统,69-70

traffic signals,invention of,交通信号,发明,120

pedestrians,crossing,人行横道,92-93

as self-enforcing,自我持续,119,120-121

as social planning model,社会计划模型,121

synchronization of,同步,70n

“Tragedy of the Commons,The”(Hardin),公地的悲剧(哈丁),110

“transition matrix,”“转化矩阵”,77

turnstile,十字转门,76

typewriter keyboard,打字机键盘,122-123

U

uniform multi-person prisoner-s dilemma,see MPD,一致的多人囚徒困境,参照MPD

“unseen hand,”“看不见的手”,22,140

V

vaccinations,疫苗,85-86,222-223

variables,变量

with common components,公共内容,78

discrete vs.continuous,离散和连续,170-171

independently interesting and dependently related,独立影响和相互关联,64,77

see also independent variables,参照独立变量

vicarious problem solving,不可捉摸的问题解决,18

volleyball,排球,92-93

W

waiting lines,排队等候,67-70

water budget,用水预算,74

water shortages,水资源短缺,128-130,131

water-skiers,滑水者,145,146

weapons,visibility of,武器,可见,228-229

whaling,捕鲸,221-222

widow-widower ratios,鳏寡率,56-57

workweek,一星期工作日,123-124,236-237

Z

“zero-population growth,”零人口增长,61