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索引
A
acceleration principle,加速原理,6164,91
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accounting identities,会计恒等式,5455
accounting systems,会计体系,68
Adams,Russell L-,鲁塞尔·L·亚当斯,120n
age,年龄
of children,as parental preference,父母偏好的儿童,62
as discrete variable,作为离散变量的,170
dynamics of,动态过程,5961,171,189
of induction for draftees,有关招募新兵的,6061
at marriage,结婚,39,56,202
positions in distribution by,在分配中的地位,6566,171
of unmarried males,未婚男性的,5758
age,sorting and mixing by,年龄、分类和混合,37,39,169190
alternative preferences in closed models of,封闭模型中的其他偏好,174182
closed models for,封闭模型,171,173182,183,184
constraining identities in,限制性恒等式,5961,171,189
mediating variables and,中间变量,190
nature and use of models for,模型的性质和应用,169171,182184,186187
open models for,开放模型,171,172173,184
optimality of equilibrium in quartile or decile terms,四分位或十分位数条件下均衡的最优性,178179
in residential homes for the elderly,老年之家,184186,189
in three-room model,三个房间模型,180181
in two-room model,两个房间模型,172180,187
索引age profile,population,年龄特征、人口,77
aggregation vs-segregation,集合与分割,153155
air pollution,空气污染,113
airport noise,机场噪音,114
Akerlof,George A-,乔治·A·阿克洛夫,99101,188n
almost-closed systems,近似封闭系统,69,73
alternating systems,交替系统,77
ant colony,蚁群,2122
attendance patterns,参会模式
at “dying seminars”,在“逐渐衰亡的研讨会”上,9194,97,105106
at lecture-course review sessions,在课程的复习课会上,102107,108,109
at skating rink,在室内滑冰场里,107108
auditorium seating,听众席入座,1119,27,36,66
automobile disposal tax,汽车丢弃税,70
automobiles,in lemon market,次品市场上的汽车,99100
Awrey,Don,董·奥瑞,213
B
baldheadedness,秃头程度,204,205,206,209
Bartlett,Maurice S-,茅利斯·S·巴特莱,91n
baseball,棒球,143146
beach attendance,海滩人数,3334
binary choices,二元选择,96,213243
collective maximum in,集体最优,222223,226234
complementarity in,互补性,23738
dual equilibria in,双重均衡,21343
externalities and,外部性,213,229230
schematic summary of,概要提要,241243
sex preference as,性别偏好,238239
sufficiency in,充足性,239241
uniformity in,一致性,234237
see also MPD,同时可参照MPD
birth rate,sex ratio and,出生率,性别比,202
black-outs,and brown-outs,断电和低压,128,129,130,131
blacks,黑人
recruitment of,in labor supply,招募,劳动力供给,6263
self-fulfilling prophecies about,自我实现的预测,116
see also bounded-neighborhood model:neighborhood model,selfforming;racial sorting and mixing;segregation,参见有界邻里模型:邻里模型,自我形成;种族分类和融合;种族隔离
black-white marriage,黑人与白人的婚姻,58
bottlenecks,瓶颈,6768,76,124127
Boulding,Kenneth E-,肯尼斯·E·鲍丁,91n
bounded-neighborhood model,有界邻里模式,91,155166
alternative numbers of blacks and whites in,不同的黑人和白人的人数,162164
alternative tolerance schedules in,不同的“容忍度”表,161162
definition of neighborhood in,邻里的定义,155
dynamics,动态进程,159161
integrationist preferences in,种族隔离消除论者的偏好,164165
“tolerance”in,容忍,155
varieties of results in,结果的多样性,164
buffaloes,美洲野牛,132
C
carbon-dioxide budget,二氧化碳预算,7374
CB radios,CB无线频率,239240
children,choosing genes of,儿童,选择基因,193210
baldheadedness in,秃头程度,204,205,206,209
body size in,身材大小,197,204,207
consequences of having choice in,有选择的结果,209210
cultural consequences of,文化影响,204205
demographic consequences of,人口学上的影响,204
government role in,政府角色,202203
motivational and demographic configurations in,动机和人口学上的结构,207208
pathologies in,病理学,204,205,207
sex choice in,性别选择,196203
technology in,技术,195196,197198
traditional eugenics,传统优生学,193,206
see also genetics;sex preferences and ratios,也见遗传学,性别偏好和性别比率
Christmas cards,圣诞卡片,3133,4748
churches,segregation in,教堂,种族隔离,137
circulating systems,循环系统,6770,77
clandestine activity,秘密行动,42
clocks and calendars,时钟和日历,121122
closed systems,封闭系统,5155
coalitions,联盟,218,221,224,232341,239
college admission,大学录取,186
college dormitories and dining rooms,大学宿舍和食堂,3738,5859
color,as discrete variable,色彩,作为离散变量,170
color ratios,肤色比率,141142
in neighborhood models,在邻里模型中,147166
“tolerance”for,容忍度,155166
see also segregation;segregation models,同时可参照种族隔离,隔离模型
commons,model of the,公地模型,110115,231
communications systems,通信系统
binary choice in,二元选择,239240
color-correlated,与颜色相关的,40,137,139
homogeneity enhanced by,增强的同质性,4041
interactive participation in,相互参与,4041
complementary population sets,互补的人口集合,5658,77
congestion,拥堵,107108,113,114,124,231
see also traffic congestion,同时可参照交通拥堵
conservation,principle of,守恒定理,68,76
conservative systems,守恒系统,6870
carbon-dioxide budget as,二氧化碳预算,7475
energy,能量,74
water,水,74
constraining identities,限制性等式
in acceleration principle,加速原理,6164
accounting identities and,会计恒等式,5455
definitions and,定义,5155,58
in demography,人口统计学,5961
in dynamics of aging,年龄的动态过程,5961,171,189
in musical chairs,抢凳子游戏,42,50
in paired populations,匹配的群体,5658
in patterns and structures,模式和结构,7380
in positions in distributions,分配中的位置,6466
puzzles based on,基于……的论述,5455,7880
in waiting lines,排队等候,6770
construction industry,建筑工业,62
continuous variables,连续变量,170171
contractual arrangements,契约安排,29,35
copyright laws,版权法,33,34
criminal justice,as semi-closed system,半封闭系统中的形式正义,77
critical mass,临界质量,9196
critical-mass models,临界物质模型
conditional vs-unconditional choices in,有条件的和无条件的选择,9798
cross-over points in,交叉点,9697,101
diagrammatics of,图表型的,102110
in effects of body heat,体温效果,95
as family of models,家庭模型,8990
lemons model as,次品模型,99101
outcome preference in,结果偏好,9899
for review session attendance,总结课的听课人数,102107,108,109110
in self-fulfilling prophecy,自我实现的预测,117118
for skating ring attendance,滑雪运动场的参加人数,107108
tipping model as,倾斜模型,101102
critical number,临界数值,95,9697,102110
cyclical processes,循环过程,83133
in expectations,预期,115119
in measles epidemics,麻疹流行学,8586
social behavior and,社会行为,8791
thermostat as model of,温度自动调节系统模型,8385,8789
time lags in,时间滞后,8485,8687
see also commons,model of the;critical-mass models;expectations;self-enforcing conventions;self-fulfilling prophecies,同时参照公地模型;临界质量模型;期望;自我强制的传统;自我实现的预测
D
daylight saving,夏令时,121,124,236
decimal coinage,十进制货币,122
decimal system,十进制,237
definitions,定义
facts vs-,事实,65
propositions yielded by,产生的命题,5155,58
demography,人口统计学,75
gene choices and,基因选择,204,207208
inviolable arithmetic of,既定算术规则,5961
sex preferences and,性别偏好,199200
dining halls,餐厅,187,188189
see also college dormitories and dining rooms,同时可参照大学食堂和餐厅
discrete variables,离散变量,170171
discriminatory,behavior,歧视性行为,137,138
diseases,infectious vs-non-infectious,传染性疾病和非传染性疾病,53,77
divorce,离婚,39
Dodgertown,道奇镇,143
double-entry bookkeeping systems,复式记账系统,68
draftees,应征人数,6061,6364,77
duodecimal system,十二进制,121122,237
dying-seminar model,逐渐衰亡的研讨会模型,9194,97,105106
E
economics,经济学
accounting statements in,会计报表,4950
equivalences and invariances in,等价和不变性,75
exchanges of equivalent values in,等值兑换,49
individual vs-aggregate in,个体和总体,2024,140141
as special case,特例,2733
voluntary participation in,自动参与,2831
elderly,residence for,老年居所,184186,189
electric power failures,电力故障,128,129,130,131
energy budget,能量预算,74
engineers,in recruitment cycle,招募循环中的工程师,8687
environment,环境
as continuous or discrete,连续的或离散的,170171
individual interaction with,summarized,总结性的个体互动作用,1314
epidemiological cycles,流行病循环,8586
equilibria,equilibrium analysis,均衡,均衡分析,2527
in age distribution,年龄分布,172,173182
in color-ratio tolerance,对肤色比率的容忍度,155166
of distribution by sex in college facilities,大学的性别分布,3738
meaning of,……的含义,25
“neutral”,“中性的”,178
as non-evaluative,不可估价的,2627
equilibria in binary choices,二元选择均衡,224243
dual,双重,231234,242
as inefficient,无效的,224225,227,232
as “potential”,“潜在的”,243
“truncated dual”,不完整的双均衡,233234
ethnic characteristics,gene choice and,种族特征,基因选择,196,208
eugenics,traditional,传统的优生学,193,206
exhaustive subdivisions,详细的细分,53,7879
expectations,预期,115119
as interactive,互动的,3132,37
self-confirming,see self-fulfilling prophecy,自我肯定,参照自我满足预测
self-correcting,自我修正,119
self-enforcing rules and,自我强制的法则,119124
self-equilibrating,自我均衡,119
self-negating,自我否定,118
externalities,外部性,213243
conditional,条件的,229230
meaning of,含义,213
F
feedback systems,反馈系统,50
free market,see markets,market behavior,自由市场,参照市场,市场行为
frequency distributions,频率分布
of critical mass,临界质量,102110
of “tolerance,”“容忍度”,156,157165
G
gambling,赌博,68
game theory,博弈论,110
genetics,遗传学,7273,193210
marital choice and,婚姻选择,35,140
see also children,choosing genes,同时参照儿童,选择基因
golden rule,黄金法则,131,224
Green,Teddy,特迪·格林,213
H
handedness in gene choice,左右手习惯基因选择,204205
Hardin,Garrett,格雷特·哈丁,110111
Harris,Richard,理查德·哈里斯,241n
hockey helmets,曲棍球头盔,213214,223224
housing industry,房地产业,5253
Hull,Bobby,巴比·哈尔,213,223
I
identical equations,恒等式,51
identities,constraining,see constraining identities,恒等式,限制性的,参照限制性恒等式
income,sorting and mixing by,收入,分类和融合,139,169190
mediating variables and,中间变量,190
see also age,sorting and mixing by,同时参照年龄,分类和融合
incomes and expenses,收入和支出,7172
individual and aggregate,个体和集体:
in economics,经济学,2024,140141
need for mediating model in study of,研究中需要的中间模型,182183
in segregation,隔离,138,140141,145147
social contract and,社会契约,124133
inflation,通货膨胀,55
information,信息
in binary,choices,二元选择,229230
color-discriminating,色彩区分,139
in communication system,通信系统,40,147
in free market,自由市场,29
insecticides,杀虫剂,239
institutional arrangements,制度安排
free market and,自由市场和,29,33
individual motives vs-group interest and,个体动机和群体利益,127133
insurance costs,保险成本
lemons model and,次品模型,100,188
and sorting of members,成员分类,188
integration,融合
minority status in,少数群体地位,143
as preference in neighborhood model,作为邻里模型中的偏好,164165
types of,……的类型,3637
see also blacks;bounded-neighborhood model,color ratios;neighborhood model,self-forming;racial sorting and mixing;segregation;sex,sorting and mixing by,同时参照黑人,有界邻里模型,肤色比率,邻域模型,自我形成的,种族分类和混合,隔离,性别,分类和混合
interactive processes,互动过程,14
examples of,例子,3642
market activity and,市场行为和,3132,3435
IQ,gene choice and,智商,基因选择,208209
L
language,语言
as adaptive behavior,适应性行为,3940
marital choice and,婚姻选择,58
segregating influence of,隔离的影响,137,139,146,147
self-enforcing,自我约束的,122
legal arrangements,free market and,法律安排,自由市场,29,33
lemons model,次品模型,99101
life expectancy,预期寿命
insurance rates and,保率,100,188
marriage and,婚姻,5657,202
see also longevity,同时可参照寿命
life insurance,see insurance costs,寿险,参照保险成本
littering the commons,在公共场所乱扔垃圾,113114,131
longevity,gene selection and,长寿,基因选择,204,208209
M
Maher,Charles,查尔斯·马赫,143n
Malthusian analysis,马尔萨斯的分析,26
“market for lemons”(Akerlof),“次品市场”(阿克洛夫),99101,188n
markets,market behavior,市场,市场行为,2024
analogous segregation models,类似的分割模型,188189
contrived,人为的,3334
economists- view of,经济学家的观点,2223
failure of,失败,2930
functions of,……功能,23,31
meaning of,含义,23
in noneconomic social activities,在非经济学的社会行为中,2324
partial,部分的,3436
requirements for workability of,对……可使用性的需求,2930
as special case,特例,2733
marriage,婚姻,3536,39,40
age at,……年龄,39,56,202
contractual aspects of,契约方面,35
cross-group,交叉群体,58
effects of sex-ratio imbalance on,性别比例不平衡的影响,201202
life expectancy and,预期寿命,5657,202
pairing from complementary populations in,互补群体的匹配,5658,77
mean values and medians,均值和中值
in age,preferences for,年龄、偏好,169,171,172178,180182
ranking relative to,相对排序,6466,171
measles,麻疹,8586,8990,91
metric system,change to,公制系统,变成……,122
migration,移民
racial sorting and mixing as result of,作为结果的种族隔离和融合,101,145147
as semi-closed system,半封闭系统,69,77
minority recruitment,少数派招募,6263
minority status,少数派地位
arithmetic of,算术的,141142,143
avoidance of,as motive,避免……的动机,146147,154
models,模型
closed,封闭,171,173182,183,184
criterion of simplicity in,简单化原理,89,183
discrete vs-continuous variables in,离散和连续变量,170171
families of,exemplified,家庭,事例的,83133
families of,explained,家庭,阐释的,8991
need for,需要,182184
open,开放的,171,172173,184
in social sciences,社会科学,8791
see also specific models,同时参照具体模型
morals,social organization and,道德,社会组织,128
Morgan,Garrett A-,格雷特·A·摩根,120n
mortality rates,population growth and,死亡率,人口增长,60n
Mosteller,Frederick,弗里德里克·莫斯特勒,91n
MPD(uniform multi-person prisoner-s dilemma),MPD(一致的多人囚徒困境),217237
“coalition”,联盟,218,221,224,232234,239
commons model and,公地模型,110111,231
conditional externality in,条件的外部性,229230
defined,定义,217218
in enforcement of non-equilibrium choice,非均衡选择的实施,225234
inefficient equilibrium of,无效均衡,224225,227,232
significant parameters in,重要参数,218,221223
size of coalition,联盟规模,222
as “truncated dual equilibrium”,作为“不完全的双重均衡”,233-234
see also binary choices,同时可参照二元选择
multiplier effect,乘数效应,106-107
musical chairs.as model,抢凳子游戏模型,42,50
N
national-income accounting,国民收入核算,40
neighborhood model,self-forming,邻里模式,自我形成的,147-153
aggregation vs.segregation and,集合与分割,153-155
chain reaction in,连锁反应,150,53,154
neighborhoods,邻里
abandonment,遗弃,93,101
as area surrounding individual,作为包括个体的区域,148,170
as commonly defined,一般定义,155,170
see also bounded-neighborhood model;neighborhood model,self-forming,同时参照有界邻里模型,邻里模型,自我形成模型
noise,噪音,113-114,131
O
oil reserves,石油储备,111,113
on-off choices,开关选择,96
overshoot,超调,83-87
P
paired populations,匹配的群体,56-58
pairs,as constraining framework,应酬,限制性框架,76
parties and receptions,宴会和招待会,36,144-145,146
pass-fail grading,及格—不及格打分,97-98
pet ownership,宠物所有权,34-35
poker,扑克,42,68
pollution,污染,111,113
population size and density,人口规模和密度,187
positions in a distribution,分配中的地位,64-66
prices in equilibrium,均衡价格,25
prisoner-s dilemma,囚徒困境
commons model and,公地模型,110-111,231
defined,定义为,216-217
uniform multi-person,see MPD,一致的多人,参照MPD
property rights,产权,29,33,34
purposive behavior,目的性行为,17
puzzles,谜,54-55,72,79-80
Q
quantitative constraints,see constraining identities,数量限制,参照限制性条件
R
race,marital choice and,种族、婚姻选择,58
racial sorting and mixing,种族隔离和融合,37,39,40,137-166
in college dormitories,大学宿舍,59
quantitative constraints in,数量限制,141-142
scrambling system and,不规则系统,143-144,146
separating mechanisms in,分离机制,142-143
see also blacks;bounded-neighborhood model;color ratios;integration;neighborhood model,self-forming;segregation,同时参照黑人,有界邻里模型,肤色比例融合,邻里模型,自我形成,隔离
reservoir,as semi-closed system,水库,作为半封闭系统,76-77
residential homes for elderly,老年人住宅,184-186,189
residential location,居住位置,12-13
income and color in,收入和色彩,139,145-166
market vs-interactive process in,市场和互动过程,34
as spatial distribution,空间分配,36
see also bounded-neighborhood model;neighborhood model,self-forming,同时参照有界邻里模式,邻里模式,自我形成
right-of-way,优先通行权,28
S
San Francisco Bay bridge,旧金山海湾大桥,69-70
sanitary landfill,卫生垃圾,113
Schelling,Thomas,谢林·托马斯,166n
schools,学校,93-94,101
scientists,in recruitment cycle,科学家,招募循环,86-87
segregation,分割
aggregation vs-,集合,153-155
by biological evolution,生物进化,140
chain reaction in,连锁反应,150-153
communication systems and,通信系统,40-41,137
discriminatory,歧视性的,137,138
as economically induced,经济诱导的,139
mediating variables and,中间变量,190
one-sided or asymmetrical,单边的或者不对称的,137,145
organized,组织的,137,138
polarizing choices in,极端的选择,120,146-147
“tolerance”ratios,容忍度,155-165
types of,……的类型,36-37,137,138-139
see also age,sorting and mixing by;blacks;bounded-neighborhood mo-del;color ratios;integration;neigh-borhood model,self-forming;neigh-borhoods;racial sorting and mixing;residential location;sex,sorting and mixing by,同时参照年龄,分类和融合,黑人,有界邻里模型,肤色比例,融合,邻里模型,自我形成,邻里,种族隔离和融合,住宅位置,性别,分类和融合
segregation models,分割模型,169-170
closed,封闭的,171,173-182,183,184
market analogous to,类似市场的,188-189
need for,需要,182-184
open,开放的,171,172-173,184
structure of,结构,186-187
three-room,三个房间的,180-181
two-room,两个房间的,172-180,187
see also specific models,同时可参照具体模型
self-confirming signals,自我肯定信号,119
self-displacing prophecy,自我否定的预测,118
self-enforcing conventions,自我约束的传统,119-124,236
self-equilibrating expectations,自我均衡期望,119
self-forming neighborhood model,see neighborhood model,self-forming,自我形成邻里模型,参照邻里模型,自我形成
self-fulfilling prophecy,自我证实的预期,115-118
self-negating prophecy,自我否定预期,118
semi-closed systems,半封闭系统,69-70,73-75,76-77
sex,sorting and mixing by,性别,分离和融合,137-166
in college facilities,在大学里,37-38,58-59
at dinner,在餐厅,142
mechanisms for,机制,142
scrambling system and,不规则系统,144-145
see also racial sorting and mixing;segregation,同时可参照种族分离和融合,隔离
sex preferences and ratios,性别偏好和性别比率,72,196-203,206,209-210,237-238
siblings,兄弟姐妹
“multiple pairing”and,多重匹配,77
sex-choice technology and,性别选择技术,200,201
signals,self-confirming,信号,自我肯定的,119
signs,one-way,信号,单行的,119,120
single populations,单一人口,60-61
skating rink,滑冰圆道,107-108
ski lift,滑雪,67-69
smallpox vaccinations,天花疫苗接种,222-223
Smith,Adam,亚当·斯密,22
Smith,J-Maynard,J·梅纳德·史密斯,91n
smokers,segregation of,吸烟者,隔离,145,146
social biology,社会生物学,21
social contract,社会契约,124-133
social ethics,社会伦理,129
social organization,社会组织,124-133,126
prisoner-s dilemma (MPD) and,囚徒困境(MPD),224-225,229-230,232
see also institutional arrangements;social contract,同时可参照制度安排,社会契约
social sciences,社会科学
evaluation in,评估,19
models in,模型,87-91
patterns and structures in,模式和结构,75
solar energy,太阳能,73,74
sorting,see segregation,分离,参照分割
spatial distribution,空间分配,36,66,142
sports,体育,143-146,213
status,segregation by,地位,分割,189-190
stock exchange,证券交易所,50-51
“stopping rules”,for births,“停育规则”,对于生育,72
supply,equilibrium and,供给,均衡的,25-26
surfers and swimmers,冲浪者和游泳者,145,153
T
Tanur,Judith M-,祖迪斯·M·特纳,91n
telephoning,打电话,47-49
terminologies,术语,39
thermostat,调温的,83-89
tipping model,倾斜模型,99,101-102
tolerance,color-ratio,see boundedneighborhood model,容忍度,肤色比例,参照有界邻里模型
tow cables,拖车链,227-228
traffic congestion,交通拥堵,67-68,124-127,130,132
commons model and,公地模型,113,114,115
information and binary choices in,信息和二元选择,229-230
social organization and,社会组织,126-127
traffic patterns,in semi-closed systems,交通模式,半封闭系统,69-70
traffic signals,invention of,交通信号,发明,120
pedestrians,crossing,人行横道,92-93
as self-enforcing,自我持续,119,120-121
as social planning model,社会计划模型,121
synchronization of,同步,70n
“Tragedy of the Commons,The”(Hardin),公地的悲剧(哈丁),110
“transition matrix,”“转化矩阵”,77
turnstile,十字转门,76
typewriter keyboard,打字机键盘,122-123
U
uniform multi-person prisoner-s dilemma,see MPD,一致的多人囚徒困境,参照MPD
“unseen hand,”“看不见的手”,22,140
V
vaccinations,疫苗,85-86,222-223
variables,变量
with common components,公共内容,78
discrete vs.continuous,离散和连续,170-171
independently interesting and dependently related,独立影响和相互关联,64,77
see also independent variables,参照独立变量
vicarious problem solving,不可捉摸的问题解决,18
volleyball,排球,92-93
W
waiting lines,排队等候,67-70
water budget,用水预算,74
water shortages,水资源短缺,128-130,131
water-skiers,滑水者,145,146
weapons,visibility of,武器,可见,228-229
whaling,捕鲸,221-222
widow-widower ratios,鳏寡率,56-57
workweek,一星期工作日,123-124,236-237
Z
“zero-population growth,”零人口增长,61