SOURCES

 

广告：个人专属 VPN，独立 IP，无限流量，多机房切换，还可以屏蔽广告和恶意软件，每月最低仅 5 美元

I wanted to learn about the factory world as the migrants did—from the bottom up and the inside out. But in the course of researching this book, I have also benefited from written materials that provided context and background to the things I saw firsthand. I have listed the sources that were most useful to me.

Throughout the book, I have used China’s standard romanization system, hanyu pinyin, for the names of people and places. During the era of Kuomintang rule, a different system was used—Beijing was known as Peking or Beiping, the wartime capital Chongqing was spelled Chungking, and so on. For the sake of clarity, I have used the current spellings, with one exception: In China today my family name is spelled Zhang, but I retain the older form of Chang—a name that signals to anyone who grew up on the mainland that my history is not quite their own.

Chapter 1: GOING OUT

The figure for minimum wage is for Guangdong Province in 2004, when Min and the other young women I knew in Dongguan were starting out. The minimum wage in that region has since increased to between $70 and $110.

The number of migrant workers in China, as of the end of 2006, comes from the National Bureau of Statistics. It counts rural Chinese who are living away from home.

The yuan-dollar exchange rate used throughout the book is 8:1.

For background on migration in China:

Du Yang and Albert Park. “Qianyi yu jianpin: laizi nonghu diaocha de jingyan zhengju” [Migration and casting off poverty: empirical proof from a survey of rural households]. Zhongguo renkou kexue [Chinese Journal of Population Science] 4 (2003): 56–62.
Gaetano, Arianne M., and Tamara Jacka, eds. On the Move: Women and Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
Jacka, Tamara. Rural Women in Urban China: Gender, Migration, and Social Change. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2006.
Lee Ching-kwan. “Production Politics and Labour Identities: Migrant Workers in South China.” In China Review 1995. Edited by Lo Chi Kin, Suzanne Pepper, and Tsui Ki Yuen. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995.
Li Qiang. “Zhongguo waichu nongmingong jiqi huikuan zhi yanjiu” [Research on migrant workers’ remittances]. Shehuixue yanjiu [Sociological Research] 4 (2001).
Ma, Lawrence J.C., and Biao Xiang. “Native Place, Migration and the Emergence of Peasant Enclaves in Beijing.” China Quarterly 155 (September 1998): 546–581.
Murphy, Rachel. How Migrant Labor Is Changing Rural China. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Pun Ngai. Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005.
Tan Shen. Funü yu laogong [Women and Labor]. Internally circulated edition. 2002.
West, Loraine A., and Yaohui Zhao, eds. Rural Labor Flows in China. Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2000.
Zhang Hong. “China’s New Rural Daughters Coming of Age: Downsizing the Family and Firing Up Cash-Earning Power in the New Economy.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 32.3 (2007).

Chapter 2: THE CITY

There is no official number for the percentage of the Dongguan population that is female. I have used the figure of 70 percent, based on estimates from talent market executives, the deputy mayor’s office, and surveys in local newspapers.

For background on the economic development of Dongguan:

Vogel, Ezra F. One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong Under Reform. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Chapter 3: TO DIE POOR IS A SIN

For background on China’s direct-sales industry:

Ho, Herbert H. The Developments of Direct Selling Regulation in China, 1994–2004. Washington, D.C.: U.S.-China Business Council, 2004.

Chapter 5: FACTORY GIRLS

The farming instructions from the traditional Chinese calendar given in this chapter apply to Hebei Province on the North China plain.

For background on the new generation of Chinese migrants:

Lin Xue. “Liangdai dagongzhe de bieyang rensheng” [The different life experiences of two generations of migrant workers]. Dagongmei [Migrant Women] 4 (2004): 24–25.
Wang Chunguang. “Xinshengdai nongcun liudong renkou de shehui rentong yu chengxiang ronghe de guanxi” [Characteristics of the new generation of flowing population from rural china]. Shehuixue yanjiu [Sociological Research] 3 (2001): 63–76.

For background on the athletic-shoe industry:

Vanderbilt, Tom. The Sneaker Book: Anatomy of an Industry and an Icon. New York: New Press, 1998.

Chapter 6: THE STELE WITH NO NAME

For the early history of my family, I relied on an unpublished account by my relative Zhang Tongxian, as well as:

Zhang Dianjun, ed. Jilin Zhangshi zongpu [Jilin Zhang Family Genealogy, revised edition]. Unpublished. 1993.

For the history of Manchuria:

Elliott, Mark C. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Gottschang, Thomas R., and Diana Lary. Swallows and Settlers: The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Center for Chinese Studies, 2000.
Hosie, Alexander. Manchuria: Its People, Resources and Recent History. Boston: J. B. Millet, 1910.
Lee, Robert H. G. The Manchurian Frontier in Ch’ing History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970.

For background on the traditional education of Chinese children:

Saari, Jon L. Legacies of Childhood: Growing up Chinese in a Time of Crisis, 1890–1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, 1990.

For the history of Peking University:

Weston, Timothy B. The Power of Position: Beijing University, Intellectuals, and Chinese Political Culture, 1898–1929. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004.

For background on Chinese students in America:

Ye Weili. Seeking Modernity in China’s Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

For background on the Kuomintang era:

Eastman, Lloyd E., et al. The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Sheridan, James E. China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949. New York: Free Press, 1975.

For background on Manchuria during the civil war and on the assassination of Zhang Shenfu, my grandfather:

Chang Kia-Ngau. Last Chance in Manchuria: The Diary of Chang Kia-Ngau. Edited by Donald G. Gillin and Ramon H. Myers. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1989.
Levine, Steven I. Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1948. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
Nie Shiqi. “Jingdao Zhang Shenfu xiansheng” [In respectful mourning of Mr. Zhang Shenfu]. Central Daily News, March 13, 1946: 5.
Su Lin. “Shei zhi ‘Zhang Shenfu’ xiangxi qingkuang” [Who knows the detailed circumstances of Zhang Shenfu]? Huashang chenbao [Shenyang Chinese Business Morning View], June 29, 2001: 1.
Tao Gang. “Yizuo bei—yituan mi” [A stele—a mystery]. Liaoshen Evening News [Shenyang], May 29, 2000: 2.
Tung Wen-ch’i. The Reminiscences of Mr. Tung Wen-ch’i. Comp. Chang Yu-fa and Shen Sung-chiao. Taipei: Institute of Modern History, 1986.
Zhang Lijiao. Drafts of letters to the Heilongjiang and Liaoning Provincial Political Consultative Committees and the Heilongjiang Office for Overseas Chinese Affairs. October 1987.
“Zhang Shenfu beihai shi yubu yinmou” [Zhang Shenfu’s murder was a prearranged conspiracy]. Xinhua Daily News, March 9, 1946: 2.
“Zhang Shenfu deng yunan jingguo” [Events surrounding the murders of Zhang Shenfu and others]. Central Daily News, March 5, 1946: 3.
“Zhang Shenfu deng zao cansha” [Zhang Shenfu and others are murdered]. Central Daily News, February 10, 1946: 2.

Chapter 7: SQUARE AND ROUND

Ding Yuanzhi. Fang yu yuan [Square and Round]. Guangzhou: Guangzhou Publishing House, 1996.
Guangyi Teaching and Research Section. Liyi suzhi [Etiquette and Quality]. Unpublished. 2003.
———Shejiao koucai [Social Interaction and Eloquence]. Unpublished. 2003.
Xiao Jin. “Zhuanxing shiqi de Zhongguo jiaoyu gaige zhuanxiang hefang” [China’s educational reform in transition: Is it transforming?] Hongfan yanjiu [Legal and Economics] 3.2 (2006): 144–83.
Xiao Jin and Mun C. Tsang. “Human Capital Development in an Emerging Economy: The Experience of Shenzhen, China.” China Quarterly 157 (March 1999): 72–114.

Chapter 8: EIGHT-MINUTE DATE

For background on the impact of migration on Chinese rural women’s attitudes toward marriage:

Chen Yintao. “Dagongmei de hunlian guannian ji qi kunrao” [Rural working women’s attitudes toward love and marriage and their dilemmas]. Renkou yanjiu [Population Research] 21, no. 2 (March 1997): 39–44.
Connelly, Rachel, et al. “The Impact of Migration on the Position of Women in Rural China.” Paper presented at Population Association of America Annual Meeting. 2003.
Zhang Hong. “Labor Migration, Gender, and the Rise of Neo-Local Marriages in the Economic Boomtown of Dongguan, South China.” Journal of Contemporary China, forthcoming.
Zheng Zhenzhen. “Guanyu renkou liudong dui nongcun funü yingxiang de yanjiu” [A study on the impact of migration on rural women]. Funü yanjiu luncong [Collected Studies on Women] 6 (2001): 38–41.
———“Impact of Migration on Gender Relationships and Rural Women’s Status in China.” UNESCO Research Project. 2006.

Chapter 9: ASSEMBLY-LINE ENGLISH

For background on the Ladder English company:

“Jiazhang zhiyi Jieti Yingyu” [Parents are suspicious of Ladder English]. Xinwen chenbao [Shanghai Morning Post], February 2, 2005.
Mu Yi, Zeng Le, and Liu Jun. “Lao yuangong tibao ‘Jieti Yingyu’ piancai shu” [Old employees expose fraudulent tactics of “Ladder English”]. Xinkuaibao [Guangzhou New Express Daily], February 2, 2005.

Chapter 11: THE HISTORIAN IN MY FAMILY

For background on Chinese historical writing and traditional genealogies:

Beasley, W. G., and E. G. Pulleyblank, eds. Historians of China and Japan. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Jing Jun. The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
Meskill, Johanna M. “The Chinese Genealogy as a Research Source.” In Family and Kinship in Chinese Society. Edited by Maurice Freedman, 139–61. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970.
Van der Sprenkel, Otto Berkelbach. “Genealogical Registers.” Essays on the Sources for Chinese History. Edited by Donald D. Leslie, Colin Mackerras, and Wang Gungwu, 83–98. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973.

Chapter 15: PERFECT HEALTH

For background on Harvey Diamond’s health and diet plan:

Diamond, Harvey. Fit for Life: A New Beginning. New York: Kensington, 2000.

For background on returned migrants, I relied on the work of Gong Weibin at China’s National School of Administration, as well as:

Ma Zhongdong. “Urban Labour-Force Experience as a Determinant of Rural Occupation Change: Evidence from Recent Urban-Rural Return Migration in China.” Environment and Planning A 33 (2001): 237–55.