B.4 Mathematical Functions: <math.h>

The header <math.h> declares mathematical functions and macros.

The macros EDOM and ERANGE (found in <errno.h>) are non-zero integral constants that are used to signal domain and range errors for the functions; HUGE_VAL is a positive double value. A domain error occurs if an argument is outside the domain over which the function is defined. On a domain error, errno is set to EDOM; the return value is implementation-defined. A range error occurs if the result of the function cannot be represented as a double. If the result overflows, the function returns HUGE_VAL with the right sign, and errno is set to ERANGE. If the result underflows, the function returns zero; whether errno is set to ERANGE is implementation-defined.

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In the following table, x and y are of type double, n is an int, and all functions return double. Angles for trigonometric functions are expressed in radians.

 

sin(x) sine of x

cos(x) cosine of x

tan(x) tangent of x

asin(x) sin-1(x) in range [-pi/2,pi/2], x in [-1,1].

acos(x) cos-1(x) in range [0,pi], x in [-1,1].

atan(x) tan-1(x) in range [-pi/2,pi/2].

atan2(y,x)tan-1(y/x) in range [-pi,pi].

sinh(x) hyperbolic sine of x

cosh(x) hyperbolic cosine of x

tanh(x) hyperbolic tangent of x

exp(x) exponential function ex

log(x) natural logarithm ln(x), x>0.

log10(x) base 10 logarithm log10(x), x>0.

pow(x,y) xy. A domain error occurs if x=0 and y<=0, or if x<0 and y is not an integer.

sqrt(x) sqare root of x, x>=0.

ceil(x) smallest integer not less than x, as a double.

floor(x) largest integer not greater than x, as a double.

fabs(x) absolute value |x|

ldexp(x,n)x*2n

frexp(x, int *ip)splits x into a normalized fraction in the interval [1/2,1) which is returned, and a power of 2, which is stored in *exp. If x is zero, both parts of the result are zero.

modf(x, double *ip)splits x into integral and fractional parts, each with the same sign as x. It stores the integral part in *ip, and returns the fractional part.

fmod(x,y)floating-point remainder of x/y, with the same sign as x. If y is zero, the result is implementation-defined.