Tracing with Decoration Manually

In the prior chapter we coded two function decorators, one that traced and counted all calls made to a decorated function and another that timed such calls. They took various forms there, some of which were applicable to both functions and methods and some of which were not. The following collects both decorators’ final forms into a module file for reuse and reference here:

# File mytools.py: assorted decorator tools

def tracer(func):                         # Use function, not class with __call__
    calls = 0                             # Else self is decorator instance only
    def onCall(*args, **kwargs):
        nonlocal calls
        calls += 1
        print('call %s to %s' % (calls, func.__name__))
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return onCall

import time
def timer(label='', trace=True):                # On decorator args: retain args
    def onDecorator(func):                      # On @: retain decorated func
        def onCall(*args, **kargs):             # On calls: call original
            start   = time.clock()              # State is scopes + func attr
            result  = func(*args, **kargs)
            elapsed = time.clock() - start
            onCall.alltime += elapsed
            if trace:
                format = '%s%s: %.5f, %.5f'
                values = (label, func.__name__, elapsed, onCall.alltime)
                print(format % values)
            return result
        onCall.alltime = 0
        return onCall
    return onDecorator

广告：个人专属 VPN，独立 IP，无限流量，多机房切换，还可以屏蔽广告和恶意软件，每月最低仅 5 美元

As we learned in the prior chapter, to use these decorators manually, we simply import them from the module and code the decoration @ syntax before each method we wish to trace or time:

from mytools import tracer

class Person:
    @tracer
    def __init__(self, name, pay):
        self.name = name
        self.pay  = pay

    @tracer
    def giveRaise(self, percent):         # giveRaise = tracer(giverRaise)
        self.pay *= (1.0 + percent)       # onCall remembers giveRaise

    @tracer
    def lastName(self):                   # lastName = tracer(lastName)
        return self.name.split()[-1]

bob = Person('Bob Smith', 50000)
sue = Person('Sue Jones', 100000)
print(bob.name, sue.name)
sue.giveRaise(.10)                        # Runs onCall(sue, .10)
print(sue.pay)
print(bob.lastName(), sue.lastName())     # Runs onCall(bob), remembers lastName

When this code is run, we get the following output—calls to decorated methods are routed to logic that intercepts and then delegates the call, because the original method names have been bound to the decorator:

call 1 to __init__
call 2 to __init__
Bob Smith Sue Jones
call 1 to giveRaise
110000.0
call 1 to lastName
call 2 to lastName
Smith Jones