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[802]Washington Post,Apr.7,1921;New York Times,Apr.26 and 27,1921;Frank 1947,184.帕萨迪纳的“爱因斯坦文稿计划”收录了加州理工学院的天文学家夏普利(Harlow Shapley)所描述的科学院晚宴的情形。

[803]Charles MacArthur, Einstein Baffled in Chicago:Seeks Pants in Only Three Dimensions, Faces Relativity of Trousers,Chicago Herald and Examiner,May 3,1921.

[804]Chicago Daily Tribune,May3,1921.

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[805]Memorandum of Agreement, Einstein and Princeton University Press,May 9,1921.版权归普林斯顿独家所有,美国其他地方都不得出版他的任何讲演。4次讲演作为《相对论的意义》(The Meaning of Relativity)出版,现在是它的第5版。

[806]Philadelphia Evening Bulletin,May 14,1921.

[807]我使用的是派斯偏爱的译文。爱因斯坦的德语原文是:“Raffiniert ist der Herr Gott, aber boshaf ist Ernicht.”

[808]Einstein to Oswald Veblen, Apr.30,1930,AEA 23—152.Pais 1982,114给出了这句话的历史,爱因斯坦的秘书杜卡斯为爱因斯坦档案准备的一个备忘录中讲述了它的细节。壁炉在202房间的教员休息室,位于普林斯顿大学的琼斯楼(Jones Hall),此前一直叫“法因楼”(Fine Hall),后来这个名字被用到了一幢新的数学大楼。

[809]Seelig 1956a,183;Frank 1947,285;Clark,743.

[810]New York Times,July 31,1921.

[811]Einstein to Felix Frankfurter,May 28,1921,AEA 36—210.

[812]参见Ben Halpem,A Clash of Heroes:Brandeis, Weizmann and Ameri-can Zionism(Oxford Univ.Press,1987)。

[813]Boston Herald,May 19,1921.

[814]那一周稍早前,州长钱宁·考克斯也做了该测试。他给出的前三个回答是:虫胶来自哪里?“来自罐头。”什么是季风(monsoon)?“一个听起来很逗的词。”李子从哪里来?“早饭。”

[815]New York Times,May 18,1921;Frank 1947,185;Brian 1996,129;Illy,25—32.

[816]Hartford(Conn.)Daily Times, May 23,1921.亦参见Hartford Daily Courant,May 23,1921.

[817]Clevednd Press,May 26,1921.

[818]Illy,185.

[819]Fölsing,51.

[820]Einstein, How I Became a Zionist, interview in Judische Rundschau, June 21,1921,conducted on May 30,CPAE7:57.

[821]Einstein to Mileva Mari阅读 ‧ 电子书库,Aug,28,1921,Einstein family trust corre-spondence, letter in possession of Bob Cohn.在这次旅行中,为了尊重爱尔莎的感受,他在最后一刻不住在米列娃处。

[822]Einstein to Walther Rathenau, Mar.8,1917;Rathenau to Einstein,May 10,1917.

[823]Reiser,146,describes the Weizmann-Rathenau-Einstein discussions.亦参见Fölsing,519;Elon,364。

[824]Weizmann,288;Elon,268.

[825]Frank 1947,192.

[826]Reiser,145.

[827]Milena Wazeck, Einstein on the Murder List, Renn 2005d,222;Einstein to Max Planck, July 6,1922,AEA 19—300.

[828]Einstein to Maurice Solovine, July 16,1922,AEA 21—180.

[829]Einstein to Marie Curie, July 4,1922,AEA 34—773;Marie Curie to Einstein, July 7,1922,AEA 34—775.

[830]Fölsing,521.

[831]Nathan and Norden,54.

[832]Hermann Struck to Pierre Comert, July 12,1922;Nathan and Norden,59.(爱因斯坦请他们共同的朋友画家施特鲁克通知国际联盟的新闻官考默特[Comert]。)

[833]Nathan and Norden,70.

[834]Einstein, Trip diary:Japan-Palestine-Spain, AEA 29—129.本节所引的爱因斯坦日记均出自本文献。

[835]Joan Bieder,Einstein in Singapore,2000,www.onthepage.org/outsiders/einstein_in_Singapore, htm.

[836]Fölsing,527;Clark,368;Brian 1996,143;Frank 1947,199.

[837]Einstein to Hans Albert and Eduard, Einstein,Dec.12,1922,AEA 75—620.

[838]Frank 1947,200.

[839]Einstein, Trip diary:Japan-Palestine-Spain, AEA 29—129.

[840]Clark,477—480;Frank 1947,200—201;Brian 1966,145;Fölsing;528—532.

[841]Svante Arrhenius to Einstein,Sept.1,1922.AEA 6—353;Einstein to Arrhenius,Sept.20,1922.AEA  6—354.

[842]Pais,506—507;Elzinga,82—84.

[843]Robert Marc Friedman 2005,129.亦参见Friedman'S book,The Politics of ExcellenceBehind the Nobel Prize in Science(New York:Henry Holt,2001),特别是第7章,Einstein Must Never Get a Nobel Prize!;Elzinga;Pais 1982,502.

[844]Pais 1982,508;Hendrik Lorentz and Dutch colleagues to the Swedish Academy,Jan.24,1920;Niels Bohr to the Swedish Academy,Jan.30,1920;Elzinga,134.

[845]Brian 1996,143引用了作家欧文·华莱士(Irving Wallace)为其小说《奖》(The Prize)所做的调查采访。

[846]Elzinga,144.

[847]R.M.Friedman,130.亦参见Pais 1982,508。

[848]Arthur Eddington to the Swedish Academy,Jan.1,1921.

[849]Pais 1982,509;R,M.Friedman 131;Elzinga,151.

[850]Marcel Brillouin to the Swedish Academy,Jan.1922;Arnold Sommerfeld to the Swedish Academy,Jan.11,1922.

[851]Christopher Aurivillius to Einstein,Nov.10,1922.在另一个译本中,实际寄给爱因斯坦的诺贝尔奖证书上有以下说法:“不依赖于(在最终证实后)可能被归于相对论和引力理论的价值。”

[852]Elzinga,182.

[853]密立根由于在芝加哥大学做的关于光电效应的实验工作而于1923年获得诺贝尔奖。当时他已经成为加州理工学院物理实验室主任。20世纪30年代初,他邀请爱因斯坦到那里访问。

[854]Svante Arrhenius,Nobel Prize presentation speech,Dec,10,1922,nobel-prize.org/physics/laureates/1921/press.html.

[855]Einstein,Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity,Nobel Lecture,July 11,1923.

[856]Einstein to Hans Albert and Eduard Einstein,Dec.22,1922,AEA 75—620.诺贝尔奖金的整个故事非常复杂,多年来引发了大量争论,随着爱因斯坦与米列娃的通信在2006年被公布才真相大白。根据离婚协议,诺贝尔奖金被存入一家瑞士银行。米列娃可以使用利息,但只有在爱因斯坦同意后才能花这笔钱。1923年,在咨询了一位理财师之后,爱因斯坦决定只把一部分钱放在瑞士银行,而把其余的钱存入一个美国账户。这使米列娃感到恐慌,并引起了摩檫,后来在朋友们的斡旋下才逐渐平息。在爱因斯坦的准许下,米列娃1924年用瑞士银行的钱和一大笔贷款在苏黎世买了一幢公寓。其租金可以用来支付贷款、物业费以及一部分家庭开销。两年后,经过爱因斯坦首肯,米列娃又用诺贝尔奖金中的40000瑞士法郎以及一些贷款买了两幢房子。后来证明,这两幢新房子的投资是失败的,为了不危及第一幢房子(米列娃和爱德华在那里居住)的所有权而不得不卖掉。与此同时,美国经济的大萧条降低了在那里开户和投资的价值。爱因斯坦继续为米列娃和爱德华支付数量可观的钱,但米列娃的确有理由担心在经济上是否能够得到保障。到了20世纪30年代末,爱因斯坦建了一家控股公司,从米列娃那里购买了剩下的公寓(她仍然在那里居住),并且接管她的债务,以免房子再被银行收走。米列娃可以继续住在这公寓中,并获得多余的租金。此外,爱因斯坦还每月寄一笔钱以帮助抚养爱德华。这种安排一直持续到20世纪40年代末,那时米列娃再也无法照顾房子了,来自租金的这笔收入已经入不敷出。在爱因斯坦的准许下,米列娃卖掉了房子,但依然拥有对房子的所有权。来自这笔收益的钱最后在米列娃的床垫下面被找到了。一些批评者指责爱因斯坦听任米列娃在贫困中死去。虽然米列娃有时肯定感到被遗弃和穷困潦倒,但爱因斯坦的确试图保护和爱德华免受经济上的压力,不仅支付了他应付的那部分,而且还对他们的生活开销给予补助。感谢希伯来大学爱因斯坦档案馆的芭芭拉·沃尔夫就这一话题所提供的帮助。亦参见Alexis Schwarzenbach,Das verschmahte Genie:Albert Einstein und die Schweiz(DVA,2003)。

[857]Einstein to Heinrich Zangger,Dec.6,1917.

[858]“除了少数几个特例,理论物理学中一切真正伟大的发现都已经被30岁以下的人做出了。”Bernstein,1973,89,着重表示是原文就有的。爱因斯坦36岁完成了广义相对论的工作,但他的第一步,即他关于引力与加速等效的“最幸福的思想”是在28岁时获得的。普朗克在1900年12月做量子讲演时是42岁。

[859]Einstein to Heinrich Zangger,Aug.11,1918;Clive Thompson,Do scien-tists age badly?The Boston Globe,Aug.17,2003.现代计算机的创始人之一冯·诺依曼曾经说,数学家的思考能力在26岁达到顶峰。有一项对随机抽取的科学家的研究表明,80%的人是在40岁左右做出最出色工作的。

[860]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Apr.27,1906.

[861]Aphorism for a friend,Sept.1,1930,AEA 36—598.

[862]Einstein to Lorentz,J une 17,1916;Miller 1984,55—56.

[863]Einstein,Ether and the Theory of Relativity,speech at University of Leiden,May 5,1920,CPAE 7:38.

[864]关于牛顿的思想实验,即位于空虚空间的水桶中的水是否受到惯性力,从而压向水桶,参见第九章。关于爱因斯坦1916年的观点(他正在修正的),即一个空荡荡的宇宙将既没有惯性,有时空结构,参见第十一章。

[865]Einstein to Karl Schwarzschild,Jan.9,1916.

[866]Einstein,Ether and the Theory of Relativity,speech at University of Leiden,May 5,1920,CPAE 7:38.

[867]Greene 2004,74.

[868]Jansen 2004,22.爱因斯坦在1921年普林斯顿讲演中将这一点说得更清楚,但还说:“马赫似乎正确地认为,惯性依赖于物质的相互作用。”Einstein 1922a,chapter 4。

[869]Einstein,Ether and the Theory of Relativity,”speech at University of Lei-den,May 5,1920,CPAE 7:38.

[870]Einstein,On the Present State of the Problem of Specific Heats,Nov,3,1911,CPAE 3:26;关于“在自然中真实存在”的引语出自英译本第三卷的第421页。

[871]Robinson 84—85.

[872]Holton and Brush 435.

[873]Lightman 2005,151.

[874]Clark 202;George de Hevesy to Ernest Rutherford,Oct,14,1913;Ein-stein 1949b,47.

[875]Einstein,Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory,July 17,1916,CPAE 6:34;Einstein,On the Quantum Theory of Radiation,after Aug.24,1916,CPAE 6:38,and also in Physikalische Zeitschrift 18(1917),参见Over-bye,304—306;Rigden,141;Pais 1982,404—412;Fölsing,391;Clark,265;Daniel Kleppner,Rereading Einstein on Radiation,Physics Today(Feb,2005):30.此外,爱因斯坦在1917年写了一篇关于力学理论中能量量子化问题的论文,名为《论索默菲和爱因斯坦的量子定理》。它显示了经典量子理论运用到混沌学系统时所碰到的问题。早期的量子力学先驱曾经引用过这篇论文,但此后几乎被遗忘。对这篇论文以及它在量学发展史中重要性的出色,参见Douglas Stone,Einstein’s Unknown Insight and the Problem of Quantizing Chaos,Physics Today(Aug.2005)。

[876]Einstein to Michele Besso,Aug.11,1916,

[877]感谢耶鲁大学的斯通教授就此处的叙述提供的帮助。

[878]Einstein to Michele Besso,Aug.24,1916.

[879]Einstein,On the Quantum Theory of Radiation,after Aug.24,1916,CPAE 6:38.

[880]Einstein to Max Born,Jan.27,1920.

[881]Einstein to Max Born,Apr.29,1924,AEA 8—176.

[882]Niels Bohr,Discussion with Einstein,in Schilpp,205—206;Clark,202.

[883]Einstein to Niels Bohr,May 2,1920;Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest,May 4,1920.

[884]Niels Bohr to Einstein,Nov.11,1922,AEA 8—73.

[885]Fölsing,441.

[886]John Wheeler,Memoir,in French,21;C.P.Snow,Albert Einstein,in French,3.

[887]玻尔的这句妙语经常被引用。我能找到的一个叙述不太简练的出处是玻尔和爱因斯坦1927年在索尔维会议上对存在的描述:“爱因斯坦开玩笑似的问我们是否真的亲爱的上帝会掷骰子。对此我以古代思想家提出的要求作为回应,他们说,在用日常语言赋予上帝属性时要非常谨慎。”Niels Bohr,Discussion with Ein-stein,in Schilpp,211,讨论时在场的海森伯也重述了这句妙语:“玻尔对此只能回答:‘但是,不能由我们来告诉上帝如何去管理世界。’”Heisenberg 1989,117.

[888]Holton and Brush,447;Pais 1982,436.

[889]以每小时90英里的速度掷出的棒球的德布罗意波长大约是10-34米,它比原子甚至质子都要小得多,这么小的尺寸根本无法测到。

[890]Pais 1982,438.泡利回忆说:“1924年秋天,在因斯布鲁克举行的物理学会议讨论中,爱因斯坦建议用分子束来研究干涉衍射现象。”Pauli,91.

[891]Einstein,Quantum Theory of Single-Atom Gases,part 1,1924,part 2,1925.这句引语出现在第7节,第2部分。这篇论文的手稿于2005年在莱顿被发现。

[892]1995年,玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚终于被Eric A.Cornell,Wolfgang Ketterle和Carl E.Wieman用实验观察到,他们也因此而获得2001年诺贝尔奖。

[893]感谢耶鲁大学的斯通教授帮助写作本节内容,并解释爱因斯坦工作的基础重要性。斯通是一位理论凝聚态物理学家,他正在写一本关于爱因斯坦对量子力学的贡献及其意义的书,尽管爱因斯坦后来拒斥这一理论。根据斯通的说法,“这一被称为玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的基本发现有99%应归功于爱因斯坦。玻色甚至并没有意识到他是以不同的方式进行计算的”。关于因实现玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚而获得的诺贝尔奖,参见nobelprize,org/physics/laureates/2001/public,html。

[894]Bernstein1973,217;Martin J.Klein,Einstein and the Wave-Particle Du-ality,Natural Philosopher(1963):26.

[895]Max Born,Einstein’s Statistical Theories,in Schilpp,174.

[896]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,Feb.28,1925,AEA 22—2.

[897]Don Howard,Spacetime and Separability,1996,AEA Cedex H;Howard 1985;Howard 1990b,61—64;Howad 1997.后者认为叔本华的哲学影响了爱因斯坦的空间可分离性理论。

[898]Bernstein 1996a,138.

[899]更加准确地说,与概率成正比的是波函数的平方。Holton and Brush,452.

[900]Einstein to Hedwig Born,Mar.7,1926,AEA 8—266;Einstein to Max Bom,Dec.4,1926,AEA 8—180.

[901]aip.org/history/Heisenberg/p07.htm;Born 2005,85.

[902]Max Born to Einstein,July 15,1925,AEA 8—177;Einstein to Hedwig Born,Mar 7,1926,AEA 8—178;Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest,Sept.25,1925,AEA 10—16.

[903]Werner Heisenberg to Einstein,June 10.1927,AEA 12—174.

[904]Heisenberg 1971,63;Gerald Holton,Werner Heisenberg and Albert Ein-stein,Physics Today(2000),www.aip.org/pt/vol-53/iss-7/p38.html.

[905]Frank 1947,216.

[906]Aage Petersen,The Philosophy of Niels Bohr,Buletin of the Atomic Sci-entists(Sept.1963):12.

[907]Dugald Murdoch,Nieis Bohr’s Philosophy of Physics(Cambridge,Eng-land:Cambridge University Press,1987),47,citing the Niels Bohr Archives:Sci-entific Correspondence,11:2.

[908]Einstein,To the Royal Society on Newton’s Bicentennial,Mar,1927.

[909]这是对爱因斯坦的谑称。——译者注

[910]Einstein to Michele Besso,Apr.29,1917;Besso to Einstein,May 5,1917;Einstein to Besso,May 13,1917.有关于此的出色分析,参见Holton,Mach,Einstein,and the Search for Reality,in Holton 1973,240。

[911]“Belief in an external world independent of the perceiving subject is the basis of all natural science,”Einstein,“Maxwell’s Influence on the Evolution of the Idea of Physical Reality,”1931,in Einstein 1954,266.

[912]Einstein to Max Born,Jan.27,1920.

[913]Einstein’s introduction to Rudolf Kayser,Spinoza(New York:Philosophical Librny,1946).凯泽尔娶了爱因斯坦的继女,写了一本关于爱因斯坦的比较权威的回忆录。

[914]Fölsing 703—704;Einstein to Fritz Reiche,Aug.15,1942,AEA 20—19

[915]Einstein to Max Born,Dec.4,1926,AEA 8—180.

[916]原文误为“广义相对论”。——译者注

[917]他1905年的狭义相对论说:“大家知道,麦克斯韦的电动力学——就像通常所理解的那样——应用到运动物体时,会引起一些不对称,而这种不对称似乎不是现象所固有有的。比如设想一个磁体同一个导体之间的电动力的相互作用。”他1905年的光量子论文说:“在物理学家关于气体和其他有重物体所形成的理论同麦克斯韦关于所谓空虚空间中的电磁过程的理论之间,有着深刻的形式上的区别。”

[918]Einstein,Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity,Nobel Lecture,July 11,1923.见nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes.本节参考了以下讨论爱因斯坦统一场求索的文章:van Dongen 2002,感谢作者;Tilman Sauer,Dimensions of Einstein’s Unified Field Theory Program,即将出版于Canbrdge Companion to Ein-stein,感谢作者;Norton 2000;Goenner 2004。

[919]Einstein,The Principles of Research,a toast in honor of Max Planck,Apr.26,1918,CPAE 7:7.

[920]Einstein to Hermann Weyl,Apr 6,1918.

[921]Einstein to Hermann Weyl,Apr 8,1918.在1918年5月8日致仓格尔的信中,爱因斯坦称外尔的理论很“天才”,但“在物理上不正确”。不过,它后来的确成了杨-米尔斯规范理论公认的一个先驱理论。

[922]我对卡鲁扎和克莱因理论的描述取自于Krauss,94—104。这是一部引人入胜的著作,讨论的是额外维度对于解释宇宙的作用。

[923]Einstein to Theodor Kaluza,Apr.21,1919.

[924]Einstein to Niels Bohr,Jan.10,1923,AEA8—74.

[925]塞壬:希腊神话中半人半鸟的女海妖,以美妙歌声诱惑过往海员,从而使驶近的船只触礁沉没。——译者注

[926]Einstein to Hermann Weyl,May 26,1923,AEA 24—83.

[927]Einstein,On the General Theory of Relativity,the Prussian Academy,Feb.15,1923.

[928]New York Times,Mar.27,1923.

[929]Pais 1982,466;Einstein,On the General Theory of Relativity,the Prussian Academy,Feb,15,1923.

[930]Einstein,Unified Field Theory of Gravity and Electricity,July 25,1925;Hoffmann 1972,225.

[931]Steven Weinberg,Einstein’s Mistakes,Physics Today(Nov.2005).

[932]Einstein,On the Unified Theory,Jan.30,1929.

[933]Einstein to Michele Besso,Jan.5,1929,AEA 7—102.

[934]New York Times,Nov.4,1928;Vallentin,160.

[935]Clark,494;London Daily Chronicle,Jan.26,1929.

[936]Einstein’s Field Theory,Time,Feb.18,1929.爱因斯坦还上过《时代》周刊1938年4月4日、1946年7月1日的封面,以及去世后上过1979年2月19日和1999年12月31日的封面。爱尔莎曾经上过1930年12月22日的封面;

[937]Fölsing,605;Clark,496;Brian 996,174.

[938]New York Times,Feb.4,1929.

[939]Einstein to Maja Winteler-Einstein,Oct.22,1929,AEA 29—409.

[940]Wolfgang Pauli to Einstein,Dec.19,1929,AEA 19—163.

[941]New York Times,Jan.23,Oct.26,1931;Einstein to Wolfgang Pauli,Jan.22,1932,AEA 19—169.

[942]Goenner 2004;Elie Cartan,Absolute parallelism and the unified theory,Review Metaphysic Morale(1931).

[943]1932年诺贝尔奖获得者朗缪尔为会议拍摄了两分钟的录像,参见www.maxborn.net/indez.php?page=filmnews。

[944]Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz,Sept.13,1927,AEA 16—613,

[945]Pauli,121.

[946]John Archibal Wheeler and Wojciech Zurek,Quantum Theory and Measurement(Princeton:Princeton Univ,Press,1983),7.

[947]Fölsing,589;Pais 1982,445,出自第五届索尔维会议记录。

[948]Heisenberg 1989,116.

[949]Niels Bohr,Discussion with Einstein,in Schilpp,211—219对索尔维会议以及其他讨论做了细致生动的描述;Otto Stem recollections,in Pais 1982,445;Fölsing 589。

[950]“Reports and Discussions,”in Solvay Confererce of 1927(Paris:Gauthier-Villars,1928),102.亦参见Travis Norsen,Einstein’s Boxes,American Journal of Physics,vol.73,Feb.2005,pp.164—176。

[951]Louis de Broglie,My Meeting with Einstein,in French,15.

[952]Einstein,Speech to Professor Planck,Max Planck award ceremony,June 28,1929.

[953]Léon Rosenfeld,Niels Bohr in the Thirties,in Rozental 1967,132.

[954]Niels Bohr,Discussion with Einstein,in Schilpp,225—229;Pais 1982,447—448.感谢Murray Gell-Mann和 David Derbes对本节写作的帮助。

[955]Einstein,Maxwell’s Influence on the Evolution of the Idea of Physical Reality 1931,in Einstein 1954,266.

[956]“存在即被感知”意味着说未被感知的事物——贝克莱最著名的例子就是森林中的树,“没有人从旁边经过去感知它们”——真实存在是没有意义的。(George Berkeley,Principlss of Human Knowledge,section 23.)

[957]Einstein,Reply to Criticisms(1949),in Schilpp,669.

[958]对爱因斯坦实在论更完整的讨论参见本书第二十章。此对立的观点,参见Gerald Holton,Mach,Einstein,and the Search for Reality,in Holton 1973,219,245(他认为爱因斯坦哲学中存在着一种非常清晰的转变:“对于一个科学家来说,如此根本地改变其哲学信念是罕见的。”);Fine,123(他认为:“爱因斯坦经历了一种哲学转变,从年轻时的实证主义变得越来越倾向于实在论。"Howard 2004(他认为:“爱因斯坦从来也不是一个热忱的‘马赫式的’实证主义者,也不是一个科学实在论者。”)本节还参考了Dongen 2002(他认为“宽泛地说,可以说爱因斯坦的立场从早年马赫的经验论变成了后来很强的实在论。”)亦参见Anton Zeilinger,Einstein and Absolute Reality,in Brockman,121—131。

[959]Einstein,On the Method of Theoretical Physics,the Herbert Spencer lecture,Oxford,June 10,1933,in Einstein 1954,270.

[960]Einstein 1949b,89.

[961]Einstein,“Principles of Theoretical Physics,”inaugural address to the Prussian Academy,1914,in Einstein 1954,221.

[962]Einstein to Hermann Weyl,May 26,1923,AEA 24—83.

[963]John Barrow,“Einstein as Icon,”Nature,Jan.20,2005,219.亦参见Norton 2000。

[964]Einstein,On the Method of Theoretical Physics,the Herbert Spencer lec-ture,Oxford,June 10,1933,in Einstein 1954,274.

[965]Steven Weinberg,Einstein’s Mistakes,Physic Today(Nov.2005):“自爱因斯坦以后,我们已经学会不再信任这种审美标准。我们在基本粒子物理学中的经验教导我们,只要基本原理允许,物理学场方程中的任何一项都可能存在于方程中。”

[966]Einstein,Latest Developmentso of the Theory of Relativity,1931年5月23日,在牛津的三次罗得斯(Rhodes)讲演中的第三次,这一天爱因斯坦被授予牛津大学的名誉博士学位。重印于Oxford University Gazette,June 3,1931。

[967]Einstein,On the Method of Theoretical Physics,Oxford,June 10,1933,in Einstein 1954,270.

[968]Marcia Bartusiak,Beyond the Big Bang,National Geographic(May 2005).爱尔莎的妙语被广泛报道,但从未给出过完整的出处。参见Clark,526。

[969]Associated Press,Dec.30,1930.

[970]正如爱丁顿所表明的,即使宇宙后来被证明是静态的,宇宙学项可能也不能奏效,因为它要求一种微妙的平衡,任何一点小的扰动都可能造成宇宙无法控制的膨胀或收缩。

[971]Einstein to Michele Besso,Mar.1,1931,AEA 7—125.

[972]Greene 2004,279:“这当然可以列为历史上的伟大发现,甚至是最伟大的发现。”亦参见Edward W.Kolb,The Greatest Discovery Einstein Didn’t Make,in Brockman,201。

[973]Einstein,On the Cosmological Problem of the General Theory of Relativity,Prussian Academy,1931;Einstein Drops Idea of‘Closed’Universe,New York Times,Feb.5,1931.

[974]Einstein 1916,appendix Ⅳ(最初见于1931年版)

[975]Gamow 1970,149.

[976]Steven Weinberg,The Cosmological Constant Problem,in Morris Loeb Lectures in Physics(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press 1988);Steven Weinberg,Einstein’s Mistakes,Physics Today(Nov.2005);Aczel 167;Krauss 117;Greene 2004,275—278;Dennis Overbye,A Famous Einstein‘Fudge’Re-turns to Haunt Cosmology,New York Times,May 26,1998;Jeremy Bernstein,Einstein’s Blunder,Bernstein 2001,86—89.

[977]凯斯西储大学的Lawrence Krauss和芝加哥大学的Michael Turner认为,对宇宙的解释需要用到一个宇宙项,它与爱因斯坦加到场方程中继而抛弃的项有所不同。他们的宇宙项源于量子力学而非广义相对论,而且基于这样一个前提:甚至“空虚”空间的能量也不必然是零。参见Kraussand Turner,A Cosmic Conundrum,Scientific American(Sept.2004)。

[978]Einstein’s Cosmological Constant Predicts Dark Energy,Universe Today,Nov.22,2005.这一特殊的大标题乃是基于一个被称为“超新星遗迹研究”(Super-nova Legacy Survey,SNLS)的超新星研究项目。根据加州理工学院的一则新闻报道,SNLS“旨在发现和考察700颗遥远的,以勾勒宇宙膨胀的历史。这项研究证实了较早的发现,即宇宙过去膨胀得较慢,现在加快了。然而,朝前迈进的关键一步发现,爱因斯坦1917年对空虚空间恒常能量项的解释与新的超新星数据非常吻合”。

[979]Vallentin,163.

[980]New York Times.Mar.15,1929.

[981]Reiser,205.

[982]Reiser,207;Frank 1947,223;Fölsing,611.

[983]www.einstein-website,de/z_biography/caputh-e.html;Jan Otakar Fischer,Einstein’s Haven,Intemational Herald Tribune,June 30,2005;Fölsing 612;Einstein to Maja Einstein,Oct.22,1929;Erika Britzke,Einstein in Caputh,in Renn 2005d,272.

[984]Vallentin,168.

[985]Reiser,221.

[986]Einstein to Betty Neumann,Nov.5 and 13,1923.这些信连同其他信被赠予了希伯来大学,在爱因斯坦档案中没有编目。

[987]Einstein to Betty Neumann,Jan.11,1924;Pais1982,320.

[988]Einstein to Elsa Einstein,Aug.14,1924,part of sealed correspondence released in 2006;Einstein to Betty Neumann,Aug.24,1924.感谢耶路撒冷爱因斯坦档案馆的罗森克朗茨和加州理工学院帮助找到并翻译这些信件。

[989]Einstein to Ethel Michanowski,May 16 and 24,1931,in private collec-tion.

[990]Einstein to Elsa Einstein and Einstein to Margot Einstein,May 1931,part of sealed correspondence released in 2006.感谢《爱因斯坦全集》的罗森克朗茨帮助提供背景和译文。

[991]Einstein to Margot Einstein,May 1931,sealed correspondence released in 2006.

[992]他终生持这种观点。Einstein to Eugenia Anderman,June 2,1953,AEA 59—097:“你一定知道,根据天性,大多数男人(以及许多女人)并非一夫一妻。当传统挡住路时,这种天性愈发得到了加强。”

[993]Fölsing,617;Highfield and Carter,208;Marianoff,186.(注意:弗尔辛将她的名字成了“Lenbach”,根据爱因斯坦档案的副本,这是不正确的。)

[994]Elsa Einstein to Hermann Struck,1929.

[995]George Dyson,Helen Dukans:Einstein’s Compass,in Brockman,85—94.(乔治·戴森是普林斯顿高等研究院的物理学家弗里曼·戴森的儿子,爱因斯坦去世后,杜卡斯照看乔治·戴森的孩子。)亦参见Abraham Pais,Eulogy for Helen Dukas,1982,American Institute of Physics Library,College Park,Md。

[996]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Mar.4,1930,AEA 21—202.

[997]Einstein to Mileva Mari阅读 ‧ 电子书库,Feb,23,1927,AEA 75—742.

[998]Einstein to Mileva Mari阅读 ‧ 电子书库,Feb,23,1927,AEA 75—742.

[999]Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein,Feb.2,1927,AEA 75—738,and Feb.23,1927,AEA 75—739.

[1000]Highfield and Carter,227.

[1001]Einstein to Eduard Einstein,Dec.23,1927,AEA 75—748.

[1002]Einstein to Eduard Einstein,July 10,1929,AEA 75—782.

[1003]Eduard Einstein to Einstein,May 1 and Dec.10,1926.两封信都在2006年公布的密封的书信夹中,在档案中没有编目。

[1004]Eduard Einstein to Einstein,Dec.24,1935.这封信也在2006年公布的密封的夹中,在档案中没有编目。

[1005]Sigmund Freud to Sandor Ferenczi,Jan.2,1927.关于对弗洛伊德与爱因斯坦相互影响的分析,参见Panek 2004。

[1006]Viereck,374;Sayen,374.亦参见Bucky 113:“我很怀疑他的一些理论。我认为弗洛伊德过分强调的理论了。毕竟,一个盛满垃圾的密室产生不了所有东西……另一方面,弗洛伊德读起来十分有趣,他也非常。我当然不是想过分挑剔。”

[1007]Einstein to Eduard Einstein,1936 or 1937,AEA 75—939.

[1008]Einstein to Eduard Einstein,Feb.5,1930,未编目;Highfield and Carter,229,234.参见本书卷首引语的注释。

[1009]Einstein to Eduard Einstein,Dec.23,1927,AEA 75—748.

[1010]Einstein to Mileva Mari阅读 ‧ 电子书库,Aug.14,1925,AEA 75—693.

[1011]Marianoff,12.他显然弄错了自己结婚的年份。他称是在1929年秋,而实际上是在爱因斯坦1930年年底第二次访美之前不久。希伯来大学爱因斯坦档案馆的芭芭拉·沃尔夫说,她相信这则轶事有修饰的成分。

[1012]Elsa Einstein to Antonina Vallentin,undated,in Vallentin 196.

[1013]Einstein,Trip Diary to the U.S.A.,Nov.30,1930,AEA 29—134.

[1014]Einstein Works at Sea,New York Times,Dec,5,1930.

[1015]Einstein Puzzled by Our Invitations,New York Times,Nov,23,1930.

[1016]Einstein Consents to Face Reporters,New York Times,Dec.10,1930.

[1017]Einstein,Trip Diary,Dec.11,1930,AEA 29—134.

[1018]Einstein on Arrival Braves Limetlight for Only 15 Minutes,New York Times,Dec.12,1930.

[1019]He Is Worth it,Time,Dec.2,1930.

[1020]Brian 1996,204;Einstein Receives Keys to the City,New York Times,Dec.14,1930.

[1021]Einstein Saw His Statue in Church Here,New York Times,Dec,28,1930.

[1022]George Sylvester Viereck,profile of John D.Rockefeller,Liberty,Jan,9,1932;Nathanand Norden,157.爱因斯坦在写给玻恩的一封信中提到了与洛克菲勒的这次会见:letter to Max Bom,Day 30,1933,AEA 8—192。

[1023]和平主义着认为不需要其他解释,但不知何故,当时有些报道竟认为这些纽扣指的是2%的啤酒。

[1024]Einstein,New History Society speech,Dec.14,1930;Nathan and Nor-den,117;Einstein Advocates Resistance to War,New York Times,Dec,15,1930,p.1;Fölsing,635.

[1025]Einstein Considers Seeking a New Home,Associated Press,Dec,16,1930.

[1026]Einstein,Trip Diary,Dec.15—31,1931,AEA 29—134;Einstein Welcomed by Leaders of Panama,New York Times,Dec.24,1930;Einstein Heard on Radio,New York Times,Dec.26,1930.

[1027]Brian 1996,206.

[1028]Hedwig Bom to Einstein,Fed,22,1931,AEA 8—190.

[1029]玫瑰碗橄榄球赛是美国最古老、最著名的大学橄榄球碗杯赛(bowl game),每年元旦在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的玫瑰碗体育场举行,赛前有玫瑰碗巡游,队伍中有许多玫瑰花车。——译者注

[1030]Amos Fried to Robert Millikan,Mar.4,1932;Robert Millikan to Amos Fried,Mar.8,1932;cited in Clark,551.

[1031]Brian 1996,216.

[1032]Seelig1956a,194.根据派特森(Cissy Patterson)女士的一篇生动报道,爱因斯坦看电影时“目不转睛,全神贯注,就像一个孩子在看圣诞的童话剧”。派特森是一位雄心勃勃的年轻记者,她也记述了爱因斯坦裸身晒日光浴的情形。她后来掌管了《华盛顿先驱报》(Washington Herald)。Brian 1996,214,citing the  Washington Herald,Feb.10,1931.

[1033]Einstein address,Feb.16,1931,in Nathan and Norden,122.

[1034]At Grand Canyon Today,The New York Times,Feb.28,1931;Einstein at Hopi House,www.hanksville.org/ssnd/Einstein,html.

[1035]Einstein in Chicago Talks for Pacifism,New York Times,Mar.4,1931;Nathan and Norden,123.

[1036]Fölsing 641;Einstein talk to War Resisters’ League,Mar.1,1931;Na-than and Norden,123.

[1037]Nathan and Norden,124.

[1038]Marianoff,184.

[1039]Einstein to Mrs.Chandler and the Youth Peace Federation,Apr.5,1931;Nathan and Norden,124;Fölsing,642.这段话的图片见www.albertin-stein.info/db/ViewImage.do? DocumentID=21007&Page=1。

[1040]Einstein interview with George Sylvester Viereck,Jan.1931,in Nathan and Norden,125.

[1041]Einstein to Women’s International League,Jan,4,1928,AEA 48—818.

[1042]Einstein to London chapter of War Resisters’ International,Nov,25,1928;Einstein to the League for the Organization of Progress,Dec.26,1928.

[1043]Einstein statement,Feb.23,1929,in Nathan and Norden,95.

[1044]Manifesto of the Joint Peace Council,Oct,12,1930;Nathan and Norden,113.

[1045]Einstein,The 1932 Disarmament Conference,The Nnation,Sept.23,1931;Einstein 1954,95;Einstein,The Road to Peace,The  New York Times,Nov.22,1931.

[1046]Nathan and Norden,168;Einstein Assails Arms Conference,New York Times,May 24,1932.

[1047]Einstein to Kurt Hiller,Aug.21,1931,AEA 46—693;Nathan and Norden,143.

[1048]Jerome,144.特别参见第十一章,“How Red?”

[1049]Einstein,The Road to Peace,New York Times,Nov.22,1931;Einstein 1954,95.

[1050]Thomas Bucky interview with Denis Brian,in Brian 1996,229.

[1051]Einstein to Henri Barbusse,June 1,1932,AEA 34—543;Nathan and Norden,175—179.

[1052]赫斯特(William Randolph Hearst,1863—1951),美国大富豪,拥有多家报纸、杂志、广播电台和两个电影制片厂。——译者注

[1053]Einstein to Isaac Don Levine,after Jan.1,1925,AEA 28—29.00(这篇亲笔书写的文章的图片见www.alberteinstein.info/db/View Image.do?DocumentID=21154&Page=1;Roger Baldwin and Isaac Don Levine,Letters from Russian Prisons(New York:Charles Boni,1925);Robert Cottrell,Roger Nash Baldwin and the American Civil Libertiss Union(New York:Columbia,2001),180。

[1054]Einstein to Isaac Don Levine,Mar.15,1932,AEA 50—922.

[1055]Einstein,The World As I See It,originally published in 1930,reprinted in Einstein 1954,8.

[1056]Ask Pardon for Eight Negroes,New York Tims,Mar.27,1932;“Ein-stein Hails Negro Race,”New York Times,Jan,19,1932,引用了1932年2月即将出版的《危机》(Crisis)杂志中一篇爱因斯坦的文章。

[1057]Brian 1996,219.

[1058]Einstein to Chaim Weizmann,Nov.25,1929,AEA 33—411.

[1059]Einstein,Letter to an Arab,Mar.15,1930;Einstein 1954,172;Clark,483;Fölsing,623.

[1060]Einstein to Sigmund Freud,July 30,1932,http://www.cis,vt,edu/modernworld/d/Einstein.html.

[1061]Sigmund Freud to Einstein,Sept.1932,http://www.cis.vt.edu/mode-mworld/d/Einstein,html.

[1062]Charles Kessler,ed,The Diaries of Count Harykesl KesslerNew York:Grove Press,2002),322(entry for June 14,1927);Jammer 1999,40.Jammer 1999对爱因斯坦思想的传记、哲学、科学等方面做了详尽考察。

[1063]Einstein,Ueber den Gegenwertigen Stand der Feld-Theorie,1929,AEA 4—38.

[1064]Neil Johnson,Greorge Sylvestr ViereckPoet and Propagandist(Iowa:University of Iowa,1968);George S.Viereck,My Flesh and BloodA Lyric Au-tohiogrrphy with Indiscreet Assotatioss(New York:Liveright,1931).

[1065]Viereck,372—378;菲尔埃克最初发表的这篇采访是What Life Means to Einstein,The Saturdy Evnig Pos,Oct,26,1929,我大致采用了Brian 2005,185—186和Calaprice中的翻译和解释。亦参见Jammer 1999,22。

[1066]Einstein,“What I Believe”最初写于1930年,并为德国人权联合会录了音。它以“我的世界观”(The World as I See It)为题发表于Forum and Centu-ry,1930;in Livin g Philosphies(New York:Simon and Schuster,1931);in Ein-stein 1949a,1—5;in Einstein 1954,8—11.这些版本的翻译均略有不同,并有稍许改动。录音版本见http:www.yu.edu/libraries/digital_library/einstein/cre-do.html。

[1067]Einstein to Schayer,Aug.5,1927,AEA 48—380;Dukas and Hofmann,66.

[1068]Einstein to Phyllis Wright,Jan.24,1936,AEA 52—337.

[1069]“Passover,”Time,May13,1929.

[1070]Einstein to Herbett S.Goldstein,Apr.25,1929,AEA 33—272;Ein-stein Believes in Spinoza’s God,New York Times,Apr.25,1929;Gerald Holton,“Einsteins Third Paradise”Daedalus(Fall 2002):26—34.戈德斯坦是哈勒姆犹太会堂的拉比,长期担任美国正统派犹太会众联合会主席。

[1071]Rabbi Jacob Katz of the Montefiore Congregation,quoted in Time,May 13,1929.

[1072]Calaprice,214;Einstein letter to Hubertus zu Löwenstein,ca.1941,in Löwenstein’s book,Towards the Further Shore(London:Victor Gollancz,1968),156.

[1073]Einstein to Joseph Lewis,Apr.18,1953,AEA 60—279.

[1074]Einstein to unknown recipient,Aug.7,1941.AEA 54—927,

[1075]Guy Raner Jr. to Einstein,June 10,1948,AEA 57—287;Einstein to Guy Raner Jr.,July2,1945,AEA 57—288;Einstein to Guy Raner Jr.,Sept.28,1949,AEA 57—289.

[1076]Einstein,“Religion and Science,”New York Times,Nov.9,1930,re-printed in Einstein 1954,36—40.也参见Powell。

[1077]Einstein,Speech to the Symposium on Science,Philosophy and Religion,Sept,10,1941,reprinted in Einstein 1954,41;“Sees No Personal God,”Associated Press,Sept.11,1941.奥维尔·莱特给了我一份发黄的剪报。他当时是一位年轻的海军军官,已经保存这份剪报报60年了;它曾在他的船上广为传阅,并从不同水手那里得到了注释,比如他们会说“告诉我,你对此怎么看”这样的话。

[1078]“在心灵中没有绝对的或自由的意志,但心灵有这个意愿或那个意愿却是被一个原因所决定,而这个原因又为另一原因所决定,这个原因又同样为别的原因所决定,如此递进,以至无穷。”Baruch Spinoza,Ethics,patt 2,proposition 48。

[1079]Einstein,statement to the Spinoza Society of America,Sept.22,1932.

[1080]这句话有时会译为“人可以做他想做的,但不能要他想要的(A man can do what he wants,but not want what he wants.)”我没有在叔本华的著作中找到这句话的出处,不过这种情感的确符合叔本华的哲学。比如他说:“一个人的生活,大事小事,都像钟表的运动一样必然被预先决定着。”Schopenhauer,On Ethics,in Parerga and Paralipomena:Short Philosophical Essays(New York:Ox-ford University Press,2001),2:227。

[1081]Einstein,The World as I see It,in Einstein 1949a and Einstein 1954.

[1082]Viereck,375.

[1083]Max Born to Einstein,Oct.10,1944,in Born 2005,150.

[1084]Hedwig Born to Einstein,Oct.9,1944,in Born 2005,149.

[1085]Viereck,377.

[1086]Einstein to the Rev.Cornelius Greenway,Nov.20,1950,AEA 28—894.

[1087]Sayen,165.

[1088]Einstein trip diary,Dec.6,1931,AEA 29—136.

[1089]Einstein trip diary,Dec.10,1931,AEA 29—141.

[1090]Flexner,381—382;Batterson,87—89.

[1091]Abraham Flexner to Robett Millikan,July 30,1932,AEA 38—007;Abraham Flexner to Louis Bamberger,Feb.13,1932,in Batterson,88.

[1092]Einstein trip diary,Feb.1,1932,AEA 29—141;Elsa Einstein to Rosika Schwimmer,Feb.3,1932;Nathan and Norden,163.

[1093]Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest,Apr.3,1932,AEA 10—227.

[1094]Clark,542,citing Sir Roy Harrod.

[1095]Flexner,383.

[1096]Einstein to Abraham Flexner,July 30,1932;Batterson,149;Brian 1996,232.

[1097]Elsa Einstein to Robett Millikan,June 22,1932,AEA 38—002.

[1098]Robert Millikan to Abraham Flexner,July 25,1932,AEA 38—006;Flexner to Robert Millikan,July 30,1932,AEA 38—007;Batterson,114.

[1099]Einstein Will Head School Here,the New York Times,Oct.11,1932,p.1

[1100]Frank 1947,226.

[1101]Women’s Patriot Corporation memo to the U.S.State Department,Nov.22,1932,contained in Einstein’s FBI file,section 1,available at foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/einstein.htm.这件趣事在Jerome,6—11中有出色的叙述。

[1102]重印于Einstein 1954,7.爱因斯坦与合众社的洛克纳的关系在Marianoff,137中有详细叙述。

[1103]New York Times,Dec.4,1932.

[1104]Einstein's Ultimatum Brings a Quick Visa,Consul Investigated Charge,and Women Made Complaint,all in New York Times,Dec,6,1932;Sayen Jerome,10.

[1105]这是佛罗里达国际大学的施瓦茨(Richard Alan Schwartz)发现的,他对联邦调查局的爱因斯坦档案做了全新的研究。他得到的版本被修改了25%。凭借着信息自由法案,杰罗姆(Fred Jerome)能够获得更完整的版本,并用在了他的书中。施瓦茨这方面的文章包括:The F.B.I.and Dr.Einstein,The Na-tion,Sept.3,1983,168—173以及Dr.Einstein and the War Department,Isis(June 1989):281—284。亦参见Dennis Overbye,New Details Emerge From the Einstein Files,New York Times, May 7,2002。

[1106]Einstein Resumes Packing,New York Times,Dec,7,1932;Einstein Embarks,Jests About Quiz and Stimson Regrets Incident,New York Times,Dec,11,1932.

[1107]Einstein(from Caputh)to Maurice Solovine,Nov.20,1932,AEA 21—218;Frank 1947,226;Pais 1982,318,450.弗兰克和派斯都叙述了爱因斯坦对爱尔莎说的关于卡普特预言性的话,两个人可能都从当事人那里听说了这则轶事。派斯等人说,他们带了30件行李。爱尔莎在美国领事馆的质询之后告诉记者,她已经塞满了六个大行李箱,但她也许还没有装完,或仅仅指箱子,或者有意虚报了数目,以免激怒德国当局(或者是派斯说错了)。撒冷爱因斯坦档案馆的芭芭拉·沃尔夫认为,无论是她塞满30个大行李箱的故事,还是他们开卡普特时爱因斯坦让她“再好好看一眼”,都是虚构的(与笔者的私人通信)。

[1108]Einstein Will Urge Amity with Germany,New York Times,Jan,8,1933.

[1109]Nathan and Norden,208;Clark,552.

[1110]Einstein’s Address on World Situation(text of speech)and Einstein Traces Slump to Machine,New York Times,Jan.24,1933.

[1111]Fölsing,659.

[1112]Einstein to Margarete Lebach,Feb.27,1933,AEA 50—834.

[1113]Evelyn Seeley,interview with Einstein,New York World-Telegram,Mar.11,1933;Brian 1996,243.

[1114]Marianoff,142—144.

[1115]Michelmore,180,米歇尔莫尔从汉斯·阿尔伯特那里得到了许多材料,不过这句话可能有所夸张。

[1116]Einstein,Statement against the Hitler regime,Mar.22,1933,AEA 28—235.

[1117]Einstein to the Prussian Academy,Mar.28,1933,AEA 36—55,

[1118]Max Planck to Einstein,Mar.31,1933.

[1119]Max Planck to Heinrich von Ficker,Mar.31,1933,引自Fölsing 663.

[1120]Prussian Academy declaration,Apr.1,1933.这些通信重印于Ideas and Opinions,205—209.

[1121]Einstein to Prussian Academy,Apr.5,1933.

[1122]Frank 1947,232.

[1123]Prussian Aacdemy to Einstein,Apr.7and 13,1933;Einstein to Prussian Academy,Apr 12,1933.

[1124]Max Planck to Einstein,Mar.31,1933,AEA 19—389;Einstein to Max Planck,Apr.6,1933,AEA 19—392.

[1125]Einstein to Max Born,May 30,1933,AEA 8—192;Max Born to Einstein,June 2,1933,AEA 8—193.

[1126]Einstein to Fritz Haber,May 19,1933,AEA 12—378.关于对爱因斯坦与哈伯的关系以及最后这段插曲的概述,参见Stern,156—160。John Cornwall,Hitler’s Scientists(New York:Viking,2003),137—139也非常有用。

[1127]Fritz Haber to Einstein,Aug,1,1933,AEA 385;Einstein to Haber,Aug. 8,1933,AEA 12—388.

[1128]Einstein to Willem de Sitter,Apr.5,1933,AEA 20—575;Frank 1947,232;Clark,573.

[1129]Vallentin,231.

[1130]Frank 1947,240—242.

[1131]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Apr.23,1933,AEA 21—223.

[1132]Einstein to Paul Langevin,May 5,1933,AEA 15—394.

[1133]Einstein Will Go to Madrid,New York Times,Apr.11,1933;Abraham Flexner to Einstein,Apr 13,1933,AEA 38—23;Pais 1982,493.

[1134]Abraham Flexner to Einstein,Apr.26and28,1933,AEA 38—25,38—26.

[1135]Einstein Lists Contracts;Princeton,Paris,Madrid,Oxford Lectures Are Only Engagements,New York Times,Aug,5,1933;Einstein to Frederich Linde-mann,May 1,1933,AEA 16—372.

[1136]Hannoch Gutfreund,Albert Einstein and Hebrew University,in Renn 2005d,318.

[1137]Einstein to Fritz Haber,Aug.9,1933,AEA 37—109;Einstein to Max Born,May 30,1933,AEA 8—192.

[1138]Jewish Chronicle,Apr.8,1933;Chaim Weizmann to Einstein,Apr.3,1933,AEA 33—425;Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest,June 14,1933,AEA 10—255.

[1139]Einstein to Herbert Samuel,Apr 15,1933,AEA 21—17;Einstein to Chaim Weizmann,June 9,1933,AEA 33—435.

[1140]Weizmann Scores Einstein’s Stand,the New York Times,June 30,1933.

[1141]Albert Einstein Definitely Takes Post at Hebrew University,Jewish Tele-graphic Agency,July 3,1933;Abraham Flexner to Elsa Einstein,July 19,1933,AEA 33—033;Einstein Accepts Chair;Dr.Weizmann Announces He Has Made Peace with Hebrew University in Jerusalem,New York Times,July 4,1933.

[1142]Einstein to the Rev.Johannes B.Th.Hugenholtz,July 1,1933,AEA 50—320.

[1143]Nathan and Norden,225.

[1144]王后的名字在许多书里都写作“Elizabeth”,但在她的雕像和布鲁塞尔的国家文物上刻的都是“Elisabeth”,大多数官方文献上写的也是“Elisabeth”。

[1145]Einstein to Elsa Einstein,Nov.1,1930,uncatalogued new material provided to author.

[1146]Einstein to King Albert I of Belgium,Nov.14,1933,in Nathan and Nor-den,230.

[1147]Einstein to Alfred Nahon,July 20,1933,AEA 51—227.

[1148]New York Times,Sept.10,1933.

[1149]Einstein to E.Lagot,Aug.28,1933,AEA 50—477.

[1150]Einstein to Lord Ponsonby,Aug.28,1933,AEA 51—400.

[1151]Einstein to A.V.Frick,Sept.9,1933,AEA 36—567.

[1152]Einstein to G.C.Heringa,Sept.11,1933,AEA 50—199.

[1153]Einstein to P.Bernstein,Apr 5,1934,AEA 49—276.

[1154]Romain Rolland,Sept.1933 diary entry,in Nathan and Norden,232.

[1155]Michele Besso to Einstein,Sept.18,1932,AEA 7—130;Einstein to Michele Besso,Oct.21,1932,AEA 7—70.

[1156]Einstein to Frederick Lindemann,May 9,1933,AEA 16—377.

[1157]Einstein to Elsa Einstein,July 21,1933,AEA 143—250.

[1158]Locker-Lampson speech,House of Commons,July 26,1933;Einstein a Briton Soon:Home Secretary’s Certificate Preferred to Palestine Citizenship,New York Times,July 29,1933;Marianoff,159.

[1159]New York World Telegram,Sept.19,1933,in Nathan and Norden,234.

[1160]Dr.Einstein Denies Communist Leanings,New York Times,Sep.16,1933;“Professor Einstein’s Political Views”,Times of London,Sept.16,1933,in Brian 1996,251.

[1161]Einstein,Appreciation of Paul Ehrenfest,written in 1934 for a Leiden al-manac and reprinted in Einstein 1950a,236.

[1162]Clark,600—605;Marianoff,160—163;Jacob Epstein,Let Threre Be Sculpture(London:Michael Joseph,1940),78.

[1163]Dukas and Hoffmann,56.

[1164]Einstein,Civilization and Science,Royal Albert Hall,Oct,3,1933;Times of London,Oct.4,1933;Calaprice,198;Clark,610—611.克拉克的版本要比稿本更忠实于实际的讲演。稿本两次提到了德国,而爱因斯坦出于外交考虑都没有提及。

[1165]Abraham Flexner telegram to Einstein,Oct.1933,AEA 38—049;Flex-ner to Einstein,Oct.13,1933,AEA 38—050.

[1166]Einstein Arrives;Pleads for Quiet/Whisked for Liner by Tug at Quarantine,New York Times,Oct.18,1933.

[1167]Einstein Views Quarters,New York Times,Oct 18,1933;Rev.John Lampe interview,in Clark,614;Einstein to Princeton,Time,Oct.30,1933.

[1168]Brian 1996,251.

[1169]Einstein Has Musicale,New York Times,Nov.10,1933.爱因斯坦为塞德尔画的草图现存于朱达·马格尼斯博物馆(Judah Magnes Museum),由爱因斯坦曾经反抗过的那位希伯来大学校长捐赠。

[1170]Bucky,150.

[1171]Thomas Torrance,Einstein and God,Center for Theological Inquiry,Prin-ceton,ctinquiry.org/publications/reflections_volume_1/torrance.htm.托兰斯(Torrance)说,这个故事是一位朋友讲给他听的。

[1172]“不请客就捣蛋”:在万圣节玩的让人给糖果的游戏,威胁如果拒绝给糖果则会遭受恶作剧或捉弄。——译者注:

[1173]Eleanor Drorbaugh interview with Jamie Sayen,Sayen,64,74.

[1174]Sayen,69;Bucky,111;Fölsing,732.

[1175]Had Pronounced Sense of Humor,New York Times,22,1936.

[1176]Brian 1996,265.

[1177]Abraham Flexner to Einstein,Oct,13,1933,in Regis,34.

[1178]Einstein,the Immortal,Shows Human Side,(Newark)Sunday Ledger,Nov.12,1933.

[1179]Abraham Flexner to Elsa Einstein,Nov.14,1933,AEA 38—055.

[1180]Abraham Flexner to Elsa Einstein,Nov.15,1933,AEA 38—059.弗莱克斯纳还在1933年11月14日给研究院的董事会成员马斯(Herbett Daas)写信说:“我对每天不得不跟爱因斯坦和他的妻子‘做工作’开始感到有些厌倦。他们并不了解美国。他们完全是小孩子,不服管束,很难听取忠告。您不知道我截获了多少宣传材料。”Batterson 152.

[1181]Abraham Flexner to Einstein,Nov.15,1933,AEA 38—06!

[1182]Fiddling for Friends,Time,Jan,29,1934;Einstein in Debut as Violinist Here,New York Times,Jan.18,1934.

[1183]Stephen Wise to Judge Julian Mack,Oct.20,1933.

[1184]Col.Marvin Mac Intyre report to the White House Social Bureau,Dec.7,1933,AEA 33—131;Abraham Flexner to Franklin Roosevelt,Nov.3,1933;Einstein to Eleanor Roosevelt,Nov.21,1933,AEA 33—129;Eleanor Roosevelt to Einstein,Dec.4,1933,AEA 33—130;Elsa Einstein to Eleanor Roosevelt,Jan 16,1934,AEA 33—132;Einstein to Queen Elisabeth of Belgium,Jan.25,1934,AEA 33—134;“Einstein Chats About Sea”,New York Times,Jan.26,1934.

[1185]Einstein to Board of Trustees of the IAS,Dec.1—31,1933.

[1186]Johanna Fantova,Journal of conversations with Einstein,Jan.23,1954,in Calaprice,354.

[1187]Einstein to Max Born,Mar.22,1934;Erwin Schrödinger to Frederick Lindemann,Mar.29,1934,Jan.22,1935.

[1188]Einstein to Queen Elisabeth of Belgium,Nov.20,1933,AEA 32—369.这句话通常被译为“身材矮小的踩着高跷的小神”。爱因斯坦用的词“stelzbeinig”意为“长着僵直的腿”,就好像腿是木制的高跷。它与高度无关,而是让人想起孔雀的步态。

[1189]Einstein,The Negro Question,Pageant,Jan.1946.在这篇文章中,他将美国人的一般民主社会倾向与他们对待黑人的方式相比较。我们将会看到,他认为后来的问题比1934年更严重。

[1190]Bucky,45;Einstein Farewell,Time,Mar.14,1932.

[1191]Vallentin,235.亦参加Elsa Einstein to Hertha Einstein,Feb.24,1934,AEA 37—693:“这个地方颇具魅力,与美国的其他地方完全不同……这里的一切都有英国风格——彻底的牛津风格。”

[1192]Einstein Cancels Trip Abroad,New York Times,Apr 2,1934.

[1193]Marianoff,178.另有资料报道说,伊尔莎的骨灰,至少是其中的一部分,被带到了凯泽尔挑选的一处荷兰墓地。

[1194]整个故事源自1994年9月7日Denis Brian对布莱克伍德夫妇的儿子James的一次采访,在Brian1996,259—263中有详细记述。

[1195]“长刀之夜”(Night of the Long Knives),指1934年6月30日夜,希特勒在德国授意谋杀了许多对手。——译者注

[1196]同上。亦参见James Blackwood,Einstein in the Rear-View Mirror,prin-ceton History,Nov.1997。

[1197]Einstein Inventor of Camera Device,New York Times.Nov.27,1936.

[1198]Bucky,5.布基的书有一部分内容是连续的对话,虽然有些章节实际上是出自爱因斯坦其他一些采访和著作。

[1199]Bucky,16—21.

[1200]New York Times,Aug.4,1935;Brian 1996,265,280.

[1201]Vallentin,237.

[1202]参见第二十二章。

[1203]Brian 1996,268.

[1204]Fölsing,687;Brian 1996,279.

[1205]Calaprice,251.

[1206]Bucky,25.

[1207]Clark,622.

[1208]Pais 1982,454.

[1209]Jon Blackwell,The Genius Next Door,The Trentoia,www.capit tury.com/1933.html;Seelig 1956a,193;Sayen,78;Brian 1996,330.

[1210]Einstein to Barbara Lee Wilson,Jan.7,1943,AEA 42—606;Dukas and Hoffmann,8;Einstein Solves Problem That Baffled Boys,New York Times,June 11,1937.

[1211]Einstein Gives Advice to a High School Boy,the New York Times,Apr.14,1935;Sayen,76.

[1212]Elsa Einstein to Leon Watters,Dec.10,1935,AEA 52—210.

[1213]Vallentin,238.

[1214]Bucky,13.

[1215]Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein,Jan.4,1937,AEA 75—926.

[1216]Hoffmann 1972,231.

[1217]Einstein,Lens-like Action of a Star by Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field,Science(Dec.1936);Einstein with Nathan Rosen,On Gravitational Waves,Journal of The Franklin Institute(Jan.1937).这篇引力波论文最初投给了《物理评论》(Physical Review)。那里的编辑将它提交给一个评审委员会,他们发现了错误。爱因斯坦很愤怒,撤回了论文,让富兰克林学会发表了。接着,他意识到他完全错了(在匿名的评审委员间接告诉他之后),就在爱尔莎临死时,他和罗森做了多次修改。金内弗里克(Daniel Kinne-ick)发现了这个故事的详细情况,在Einstein versus the Physical Review,Physics Today(Sept,2005)中做了引人入胜的叙述。

[1218]Einstein to Max Born,Feb.1937,in Born 2005,128.

[1219]Einstein,The Causes of the Formation of Meanders in the Courses of Rivers and of the So-Called Baer’s Law,Jan.7,1926.

[1220]Dr.Einstein Welcomes Son to America,New York Times,ct.13,1937.

[1221]Bucky,107.

[1222]Einstein to Mileva Mari阅读 ‧ 电子书库,Dec,21,1937,AEA 75—938,

[1223]Einstein to Frieda Einstein,Apr.11,1937,AEA 75—929,

[1224]Robert Ettema and Cornelia F.Mutel,Hans Albert Einstein in South Caro-lina,Water Resources and Environmental History,June 27,2004;Einstein’s Son Asks Citizenship,New York Times,Dec.22,1938,他1938年12月21日在美国南加州格林威尔地方法院申请了国籍。一些传记说他当时住在北卡罗来纳州的格林斯博罗(Greensboro)这是不正确的;

[1225]Einstein to Hans Albert and Frieda Einstein,Jan,1939;James Shannon,Einstein in Greenville,The Beat,Greenville,S.C.,Nov,17,2001.

[1226]Highfield and Carter,242.

[1227]Hitler Is“Greatest”In Princeton Poll:Freshmen Put Einstein Second and Chamberlain Third,New York Times,Nov.28,1939.

[1228]Collier’s,Nov.26,1938;Einstein 1954,191.

[1229]Sayen,344;Einstein Fiddles,Time,Feb.3,1941.《时代》周刊报道了为美国公谊服务会在普林斯顿举行的小型音乐会:“爱因斯坦证明,他能够富有感情地演奏出舒缓的旋律,优雅地发出颤音,有时还会展示出一些复杂的技巧。听众们热烈鼓掌。小提琴手爱因斯坦致以温和的微笑,带着四维的焦虑看了看表,加演了一首曲子,又看了一次表,离场了。”

[1230]Jerome,77.

[1231]Einstein to Isaac Don Levine,Dec.10,1934,AEA 50—928;Levine,Eyewitness to History(New York:Hawthorne,1973),171.

[1232]Sidney Hook to Einstein,Feb.22,1937,AEA 34—731;Einstein to Hook,Feb.23,1937,AEA 34—735.

[1233]Sidney Hook,My Running Debate with Einstein,Commentary,July 1982,39

[1234]Hoffmann 1972,190;Rigden,144;Léon Rosenfeld,Niels Bohr in the Thirties,in Rozental 1967,127;N.P.Landsman,When Champions Meet:Rethin-king the Bohr-Einstein Debate,Studies in the History and Science of Modern Physics37(Mar.2006):212.

[1235]Einstein 1949b,85.

[1236]爱因斯坦使用了两个相关的概念。“可分离性”(sepaability)意味着在空间中占据不同区域的不同粒子或系统具有独立的实在性;“定域性”中一个粒子或系统的作用不可能影响位于另一个空间部分的粒子或系统,除非有某种东西在它们之间传播,且这一过程须遵守光速限制。

[1237]Einstein 1949b,85.

[1238]Einstein to Max Born,Mar.3,1947,in Bom 2005,155(not in AEA).

[1239]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,June 19,1935,AEA 22—47.

[1240]New York Times,May 4 and 7,1935;David Mermin,My Life with Ein-stein,Physics Today(Jan.2005).

[1241]Albert Einstein,Boris Podolsky,and Nathan Rosen,Can Quantum-Me-chanical Description of Physical Reality Be Regarded as Complete?Physical ReviewMay 15,1935(received Mar 25,1935).www.drchinese.com/David/EPR.pdf

[1242]对该实验的另一种表述是,一位观察者测量其中一个粒子的位置,在“同一时刻”另一个观察者测量另一个粒子的动量,然后对他们的记录进行比较,就可以知晓两个粒子的位置和动量。参见Charles Sei),The Trne and the Absurd,in Brockman,71。

[1243]Aczel 2002,117.

[1244]Whitaker,229;Aczel 2002,118.

[1245]Niels Bohr,Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Regarded as Complete?Physical Review,Oct.15,1935(received July 13,1935).

[1246]Greene 2004,102.阿瑟·法因指出,玻尔对EPR的概括“更近乎于对EPR论文的讽刺而不是严肃的重构”。虽然由波多尔斯就的EPR论文的确谈到了确定“一种实在的元素”,但玻尔以及其他对爱因斯坦的阐释者给出的“实在性标准”并不符合爱因斯坦后来对EPR论文的解读。格林的书强调了“实在性标准”这一要素。参见Arthur Fine,The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argu-ment in Quantum Theory,Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,plato,Stanford.edu/entries/qt-epr/,and also Fine,The Shaky Game:Einstein,Realism,and the Quantum Theory,chapter 3;Mara Beller and Arthur Fine,“Bohr’s Response to EPR,”in Jann Faye and Henry Folse,eds,Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philoso-phy(Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1994),1—31。

[1247]法因表明,波多尔斯基写的EPR论文以及玻尔等“获胜者”对它的描述并没有完全领会爱因斯坦本人对量子力学的批判。唐·霍华德(Don Howard)已经在法因工作的基础上强调了“可分离性”和“定域性”问题。参见Howard 1990b。

[1248]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,May 31,1928,AEA 22—22;Fine 18.

[1249]Erwin Schrödinger to Einstein,June 7,1935,AEA 22—45,and July 13,1935,AEA 22—48.

[1250]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,June 19,1935,AEA 22—47.

[1251]Erwin Schrödinger,The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics,third in-stallment,Dec,13,1935,www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat html.

[1252]更加具体地说,薛定谔方程表明了对一个粒子或系统进行测量所可能得到的结果的概率随时间的变化率。

[1253]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,June 19,1935,AEA 22—47.

[1254]感谢科皮和斯通对本节写作的帮助。

[1255]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,Aug.8,1935,AEA 22—49;Arthur Fine,“The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quanturn Theory,”Stanford En-cyclopedia of Philosophy,plato.Stanford,edu/entries/qt-epr/,法因发现了爱因斯坦与薛定谔的一些通信。Fine,Chapter 3.

[1256]Erwin Schrödinger to Einstein,Aug.19,1935,AEA 22—51.

[1257]Erwin Schrödinger,The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics,Nov.29,1935,www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html.

[1258]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,Sept.4,1935,AEA 22—53.薛定谔的有发表,但薛定谔在他1935年8月19日给爱因斯坦的信中谈了他的论证。

[1259]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrodinger’s_cat.

[1260]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,Dec.22,1950,AEA 22—174.

[1261]David Bohm and Basil Huey,Einstein and non-locality in the quantum theory,in Goldsmith et al,47.

[1262]John Stewart Bell,On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox,Physics1,no.1(1964).

[1263]Bernstein 1991,20.

[1264]关于对玻姆和贝尔所做分析的解释,参见Geene 2004,99—115;Bernstein 1991,76。

[1265]Bernstein 1991,76,84.

[1266]New York Times,Dec.27,2005.

[1267]New Scientist,Jan.11,2006.

[1268]Greene 2004,117.

[1269]在对量子力学的退相干历史表述中,粗粒是指各个历史之间互不干扰。如果A和B是相互排斥的历史,那么A或B的概率就是A的概率与B的概率之和。这些“退相干的”历史形成了一树状结构,其中每一选择在下一时刻又会分出不同选择,如此等等,以至无穷。这种理论不像哥本哈根那样强调测量。考虑一块包含着发射α粒子的放射性杂质的云母,每一射出的α粒子都会在云母中留下轨迹。这些轨迹是实在的,无论是物理学家或其他人看,是老鼠或蟑螂看,都是如此。重要的是,这些轨迹与α粒子的发射方向相关联,可以被用来测量它。发射前,所有方向的可能性都是平权的,都对历史的一支有贡献。感谢盖尔曼对本节写作的帮助。亦参见Gell-Mann,135—177;Murray Gell-Mann and James Hartle,Quantum Mechanics in the Light of Quantum Cosmology,in W.H.Zurek,ed.,Complexity,Entropy and the Physics of Infor-mation(Reading,Mass Addison-Wesley,1990),425—459,and Equivalent Sets of Histories and Multiple Quasiclassical Realms,May 1996,www.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9404013。这种观点源自埃弗雷特1957年首先提出的多世界解释。

[1270]关于爱因斯坦和实在论的文献引人入胜。本节的写作有赖于参考文献中列出的唐·霍华德、霍尔顿、米勒和东恩的研究成果。唐·霍华德指出,爱因斯坦从来不是真正的马赫主义者或科学实在论者,他的科学哲学多年来并没有发生太大变化。“在我看来,爱因斯坦从来不是一个热忱的‘马赫式的’实证主义者或科学实在论者,至少不是20世纪末哲学话语意义上的‘科学实在论者’。爱因斯坦期望科学理论能够有恰当的经验证明,但他并非实证主义着;他期望科学理论能够对物理实在做出解释,但他并非科学实在论者。而且他在这两方面的观点自始至终都没有发生什么变化。”Howard 2004.
而霍尔顿则认为,“爱因斯坦的科学哲学从以感觉论和经验论为核心渐渐变成了以理性实在论为核心……对于一个科学家来说,如此彻底地改变其哲学信念是罕见的”(Holton 1973,219,245)。亦参见Anton Zeilinger,Einstein and Absolute Reality,in Brockman,123:“爱因斯坦并非只接受能够被观察证实的概念,而是认为存在着一种先观察和独立于观察的实在。”
法因在《不可靠的游戏》(The Shaky Game)—书中全方位地探讨了这个问题。他提出了他所谓的“自然本体论态度”,它既非实在论,亦非反实在论,而是“介于两者之间”。关于爱因斯坦,他说:“我认为,爱因斯坦所谓的实在论有一个深刻的经验论内核,这使它成为一种更为名义上的‘实在论’。”Fine,130,108.

[1271]Einstein to Jerome Rothstein May 22,1950,AEA 22—54.

[1272]Einstein to Donald Mackay,Apr.26,1948,AEA 17—9.

[1273]Einstein 1949b,11.

[1274]Gerald Holton,Mach,Einstein and the Search for Reality,in Holton 1973,245.米勒不同意霍尔顿的某些解释。他强调,爱因斯坦的观点是,某种东西要想成为实在的,必须在原则上可以测量,即使并不真的去测量,他满足于用思想实验去“测量”某种东西。Miller 1981,186.

[1275]Einstein 1949b,81.

[1276]Einstein to Max Bom,comments on a paper,Mar.18,1948,in Bom 2005,161.

[1277]Einstein,The Fundamentals of Theoretical Physics,Science,May 24,1940;Einstein 1954,334.

[1278]例如,法因指出:“因果性和不依赖于观察者是爱因斯坦实在论的首要特征,而空间/时间表示则是重要但次要的特征。”Fine,103.

[1279]Einstein,Physics,Philosophy and Scientific Progress,Journal of the Inter-national College of Surgeons 14(1950),AEA 1—163;Fine,98.

[1280]Einstein,Physics and Reality,Journal of the Franklin Institute(Mar,1936),in Einstein 1954,292.霍尔顿说,这句话更恰当的译法应为:“这个世界永远不可理解的事情是它的可理解性。”参见Holton,“what Precisely Is Think-ing?”in French,161。

[1281]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Mar.30,1952,in Solovine,131(not in AEA).

[1282]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Jan.1,1951,in Solovine,119.

[1283]Einstein to Max Bom,Sept.7,1944,in Bom 2005,146,and AEA 8—207.

[1284]Bon 2005,69.他把爱因斯坦列为“无法从流行的哲学偏见中解放出来的保守的人”。

[1285]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Apr.10,1938,in Solovine,85.

[1286]Einstein and Infeld,296.

[1287]Einstein and Infeld,241.

[1288]Bom 2005,118,122.

[1289]Brian 1996,289.

[1290]Hoffmann 1972,231.

[1291]Regis,35.

[1292]Leopold Infeld,Quest,(New York:Chelsea,1980),309.

[1293]Brian 1996,303.

[1294]Infeld,introduction to the 1960 edition of Einstein and Infeld;Infeld,112—114.

[1295]Pais 1982,23.

[1296]Vladimir Pavlovich Vizgin,Unified Field Theories in the First Third of the 20th Century(Basel:Birkhäuser,1994),218.Matthew 19:6:“所以神所配合的,人不可分开。”

[1297]斯芬克斯:古代希腊神话中带翼的狮身女怪,传说常叫过路行人猜谜,猜不出者即遭杀害。——译者注

[1298]Einstein to Max von Laue,Mar.23,1934,AEA 16—101.

[1299]Whitrow,xii:“爱因斯坦也认为成功的机会非常渺茫,但必须尝试一下。他本人已经确立了名声,职位有了保证,所以担得起失败的危险。而一个正在建功立业的年轻人却经不起这样的风险,因为他很可能会为此而失去一个好的职业,所以爱因斯坦觉得他有义务做这件事。”

[1300]Hoffmann 1972,227.

[1301]Arthur I.Miller,A Thing of Beuaty,New Scients,Feb.4,20

[1302]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,June 27,1938.亦参见Einstein to Maurice Solovine Dec.23,1938,AEA 21—236:“我偶然发现了一个绝妙的问题,我正在与两位年轻同事热情研究。它使我们有可能摧残我一直无法容忍的物理学的统计基础。这种对广义相对论的拓展具有相当的逻辑简单性。”

[1303]William Laurence,Einstein in Vast New Theory Links Atoms and Stars in Unified System,New York Times,July 5,1935;William Laurence,Einstein Sees Key to Universe Near,New York Times,Mar.14,1939.

[1304]Hoffmann 1972,227;Bernstein 1991,157.

[1305]William Laurence,Einstein Baffled by Cosmos Riddle,New York Times,May 16,1940.

[1306]Fölsing,704.

[1307]Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,Dec.29,1934.

[1308]William Laurence,Einstein Sees Key to Universe Near,New York Times,Mar.14,1939.

[1309]FBI interview with Einstein regarding Leó Szilárd,Nov,1,1940,obtained by Gene Dannen under the Freedom of Information Act,www.dannen.com/einstein.html.具有讽剌意味的是,由于爱因斯坦本人已经被拒绝给予安全特许,联邦调查局与爱因斯坦进行了广泛而友好的会谈,以检验西拉德是否值得给予这种特许。亦参见Gene Dannen,The Einstein-Szilárd Refrigerators,Scientific American(Jan.1997)。

[1310]Recollections of Chuck Rothman,son of David Rothman,www.sff.net/people/rothman/einstein.htm.

[1311]Weart and Szilard1978,83—96;Brian 1996,316.

[1312]Rhodes,304—308给出了权威的叙述。

[1313]参见Kati Marton,The Great EscapeNine Hugars Who Fldt and Changed the World(New York:Simon & Schuster,2006)。

[1314]Leó Szilárd to Einstein,July 19,1939,AEA 76—532.

[1315]—些流行的说法暗示,爱因斯坦仅仅在西拉德所撰写并带来的一封信上签了名。于是,泰勒1969年对作家克拉克说,爱因斯坦在西拉德和泰勒那天带来的一封信上签了名,“几乎未作评论”。参见Clark,673.然而,这与西拉德本人对那天的详细记述以及泰勒那天做的笔录相矛盾。笔录以及爱因斯坦用德语口述的新信重于Nathan and Norden,293。爱因斯坦口述的信的确基于西拉德那天带来的一草稿,但那是对爱因斯坦两周前口述的信的翻译。一些论述,包括爱因斯坦本人后来偶尔所做的评论,都试图将他所起的作用最小化,说他只是在别人写的信上签了字。但事实上,即使是西拉德推动和促成了那些讨论,爱因斯坦也完全参与了他独自签名的信的写作。

[1316]Einstein to Franklin Roosevelt,Aug.2,1939.较长的信藏于纽约海德公园的富兰克林·罗斯福档案馆(AEA 33—143是一副本),较短的信藏于加州大学圣地亚哥分校的西拉德档案馆。

[1317]Clark 676;Einstein to Leó Szilárd,Aug.2,1939,AEA 39—465;Szilárd to Einstein,Aug.9,1939,AEA 39—467;Leó Szilárd to Charles Lindbergh,Aug,14,1939,Szilárd papers,University of California San Diego,box 12,folder 5.

[1318]Charles Lindbergh,America and European Wars,speech,Sept.15,1939,www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/9_15_39.pdf.

[1319]Leó Szilárd to Einstein,Sept.27,1939,AEA 39—471.林白后来不记得收到过西拉德的任何来信。

[1320]Leó Szilárd to Einstein,Oct.3,1939,AEA 39—473.

[1321]Moore,268.拿破仑的故事显然是萨克斯或别人断章取义的产物,因为富尔顿的确为拿破仑造过船,包括一种不成功的潜水艇;参见Kirkpatrick Sale,The Fire of His Genius(New York:Free Press,2001),68—73。

[1322]1945年11月27日,萨克斯把这个故事讲给了美国参议院的一个原子能听证特别委员会。这在大多数原子弹史中都有叙述,包括Rhodes,313—314。

[1323]Franklin Roosevelt to Einstein,Oct.19,1939,AEA 33—192.

[1324]Einstein to Alexander Sachs,Mar.7,1940,AEA 39—475.

[1325]Einstein to Lyman Briggs,Apr.25,1940,AEA 39—484.

[1326]Sherman Miles to J.Edgar Hoover,July 30,1940,in the FBI files on Einstein,f oia.fbi.gov/einstein/einsteinla.pdf.关于这些文件的出色分析和背景参见Jerome。

[1327]J.Ecgar Hoover to Sherman Miles,Aug,15,1940.

[1328]Einstein to Henri Barbusse,June 1,1932,AEA 34—543.

[1329]Jerome,28,295 n.6.迈尔斯的注释在国家档案馆的副本中,但不在联邦调查局的档案里。

[1330]Jerome,40—42.

[1331]Einstein,This Is My America,unpublished,summer 1944,AEA 72—758.

[1332]Einstein to Take Test,New York Times,June 20,1940;Einstein Predicts Armed League,New York Times,June 23,1940.

[1333]Einstein Is Sworn as Citizen of U.S,New York Times,Oct,2,1940.

[1334]Einstein,This Is My America,unpublished,summer 1944,AEA 72—758,

[1335]Frank Aydelotte to Vannevar Bush,Dec,19,1941;Clark,684.

[1336]Vannevar Bush to Frank Aydelotte,Dec.30,1941.

[1337]Pais 1982,12;George Gamow,Reminiscnece,in French,29;Fölsing 715.

[1338]Sayen,150;Pais 1982,147.这些手稿被堪萨斯城市人寿保险公司所购买,后来捐给了国会图书馆。

[1339]Einstein to Niels Bohr,Dec.12,1944,AEA 8—95.

[1340]Clark,698.

[1341]Einstein to Otto Stem,Dec.26,1944,AEA 22—240;Clark,699—700

[1342]Einstein to Franklin Roosevelt,Mar.25,1945,AEA 33—109.

[1343]Sayen,151.

[1344]Time,Ju lyl,1946.这封肖像画为杂志资深封面艺术家贝克(Ernest Hamlin Baker)所作。

[1345]Newsweek,Mar.10,1947.

[1346]Linus Pauling report of conversation,Nov,16,1954,in Calaprice 185.

[1347]Brian 1996,345;Helen Dukas to Alice Kahler Aug.8,1945:“《纽约时报》的一位年轻记者很晚的时候来了……萨尔兹伯格也一直打电话希望能够发表一份声明。但是没有用。”亚瑟·奥克斯·萨尔兹伯格(Arthur Ochs Sulzberger)先生告诉我,他的父亲亚瑟·海斯·萨尔兹伯格和叔叔戴维当时在萨拉纳克湖避暑,结识了爱因斯坦。

[1348]United Press interview,Sept. 14,1945,reprinted in New York Times,Sept.15,1945.

[1349]Einstein to J.Robert Oppenheimer(care of a post office box in Santa Fe near Los Alamos),Sept.29,1945,AEA 57—294;Oppenheimer to Einstein,Oct 10,1945,AEA 57—296.

[1350]当他得知他认为过于胆怯的那篇声明并非奧本海默所写之后,他给田纳西州橡树岭的科学家们(真正胆怯的实际上是他们)写了一封信。在信中,他解释了他关于世界政府应当具有和不应当具有什么权力的想法。“世界政府的各成员国必须立即把他们的关税和移民立法权交给世界政府,”他说,“事实上,我认为世界政府的唯一职能应当是拥有军事垄断权。”Einstein to John Balderston and other Oak Ridge scientists,Dec,3,1945,AEA 56—493.

[1351]重印于Nathan and Norden,347和Einstein 1954,118。亦参见Einstein,The Way Out,inOne World or None,Federation of Atomic Scientists,1946,www.fas.org/oneworld/index.html.这本重要的书考察了爱因斯坦、奥本海默、西拉德、维格纳和玻尔等当时多位科学家关于如何用世界联邦制来控制核武器的看法。

[1352]爱因斯坦意识到没有永恒的原子弹的“秘密”可以保护。正如他后来说:“美国目前军事力量占优势,但我们肯定没有永恒的秘密。大自然告诉一群人的东西,它也会及时地告诉另一群人。”Einstein,The Real Problem Is in the Hearts of Men,New York Times Magazine,June 23,1946。

[1353]Einstein,remarks at the Nobel Prize dinner,Hotel Astor,Dec,10,1945,in Einstein 1954,115.

[1354]Einstein,ECAS fund-raising telegram,May 23,1946,与此相关的材料见于爱因斯坦档案的文件夹40—11。ECAS的历史和档案见于www,aip.org/history/ead/chicago_ecas/20010108_content,html#top。

[1355]Einstein,ECAS letter,Jan.22,1947,AEA 40—606;Sayen,213.

[1356]Newsweek,Mar.10,1947.

[1357]路易斯·B.梅耶(1885—1957),生于俄国,1924年与他人共同创建美国米高梅电影公司,公司首脑直至1951年,因此成为好莱坞最有权力的人物之一。——译者注

[1358]Richard Present to Einstein,Jan.30,1946,AEA 57—147.

[1359]Einstein to Dr.J.J.Nickson,May 23,1946,AEA 57—150;Einstein to Louis B.Mayer,June 24,1946.AEA 57—152.

[1360]Louis B.Mayer to Einstein,July 18,1946,AEA 57—153;James Me Guinness to Louis B.Mayer,July 16,1946,AEA 57—154.

[1361]Sam Marx to Einstein,July 1,1946,AEA 57—155;Einstein to Sam Marx,July 8,1946,AEA 57—156;Sam Marx to Einstein,July 16,1946,AEA 57—158.

[1362]Einstein to Sam Marx,July 19,1946,AEA 57—162;Leó Szilárd tele-gram to Einstein,and Einstein note on reverse,July 27,1946,AEA 57—163,57—164.

[1363]Bosley Crowther,Atomic Bomb Film Starts,New York Times,Feb.21,1947.

[1364]William Golden to George Marshall,June 9,1947,Foreign Relations of the U.S.;Sayen,196.

[1365]哈尔斯曼引用的爱因斯坦名言尔斯曼的妻子讲述,刊登在《时代》周刊1999年12月31日的世纪人物专号,封面就是哈尔斯曼拍摄的爱因斯坦照片。

[1366]Einstein comment on the animated antiwar film,Where Will You Hide? May,1948,AEA 28—817.

[1367]Einstein interview with Alfred Werner,Liberal Judaism,Apr.——May 1949

[1368]Norman Cousins,As 1960 Sees Us,Saturday Review,Aug,5,1950;Einstein to Norman Cousins,Aug.2,1950,AEA 49—453.(周刊实际上要比所注日期提前一周出版。)

[1369]Einstein talk(via radio)to the Jewish Council for Russian War Relief,Oct.25,1942,AEA 28—571.亦参见Einstein unsent message regarding the May-Johnson Bill,Jan.1946,Nathan and Norden,342;broadcast interview,July 17,1947,in Nathan and Norden,418。

[1370]Rankin Denies Einstein A-Bomb Role,United Press,Feb.14,1950.

[1371]Einstein to Sidney Hook,Apr.3,1948,AEA 58—300;Sidney Hook,My Running Debate with Einstein,Commentary(July 1982).

[1372]Einstein to Sidney Hook,May 16,1950,AEA 59—1018.

[1373]Dr.Einstein’s Mistaken Notions,in New Times(Moscow),Nov,1947,in Nathan and Norden,443 and Einstein 1954,134.

[1374]Einstein,Reply to the Russian Scientists,Bulletin of Atomic Scientists [the publication of the Emergency Committee that he chaired],Feb.1948,in Einstein 1954,135;“Einstein Hits Soviet Scientistsfor Opposing World Government”,New York Times,Jan.30,1948.

[1375]Einstein,Atomic War of Peace,part 2,Atlantic Monthly,Nov.1947.

[1376]Einstein to Henry Usborne,Jan.9,1948,AEA 58—922.

[1377]Einstein to James Allen,Dec.22,1949,AEA 57—620.

[1378]纳坦在1960年与人合编的爱因斯坦政治著作选集《爱因斯坦论和平》(Einstein on Peace)就对这种看法起了促进作用。纳坦和杜卡斯同为爱因斯坦遗行人,他对早期出版的著作有巨大的影响。他是公开的社会主义者与和平主义者。他的选集很有价值,但如果查阅了整个爱因斯坦档案,就会发现他倾向于忽略那些爱因斯坦批评苏联或极端和平主义的材料。罗(David E.Rowe)和舒尔曼在2007年出版的爱因斯坦政治著作选集《爱因斯坦的政治世界》(Einstein’s Political Word)做了弥补。他们强调,爱因斯坦“并不打算放弃自由事业而主张一种严格的计划经济,特别是不会以基本自由为代价”。他们还强调了爱因斯坦改变纯粹和平主义立场的现实性和实际性。

[1379]Einstein to Arthur Squires and Cuthbert Daniel,Dec.15,1947,AEA 58—89.

[1380]Einstein to Roy Kepler,Aug.8,1948,AEA 58—969.

[1381]Einstein to John Dudzik,Mar.8,1948,AEA 58—108.亦参见Einstein to A.Amery,June12,1950,AEA 59—95:“无论我多么相信社会主义的必然性,它也解决不了国际安全问题。”

[1382]“Poles Issue Message by Einstein;He Reveals Quite Different Text,”New York Times,Aug.29,948;Einstein to Julian Huxley,Sept.14,1948,AEA 58—700;Nathan and Norden,493.

[1383]Einstein to A.J.Muste,Jan.30,1950,AEA 60—636.

[1384]Today with Mrs.Roosevelt,NBC,Jan.12,1950,www.cine-holo-caust,de/cgi-bin/gdq?efw00fbw002802.gd;New York Post,Feb.13,1950.

[1385]D,M.Ladd to J.Edgar Hoover,Feb.15,1950,and V.P.Keay to H,B.Fletcher,Feb.13,1950,both in Einstein’s FBI files,box la,foia.f bi.gov/foiaindex/einstein.htm.杰罗姆的书《爱因斯坦档案》(The Einstein File)做了分析。杰罗姆说,在选择爱因斯坦作为世纪人物时,《时代》周刊没有说他是社会主义者。“《时代》周刊的管理者似乎决定走到一定程度就适可而止,他们的文章没有提到爱因斯坦的社会主义信念。作为杂志当时的总编,我可以证明,这实际上是我们的,而不是政策决定的结果。”

[1386]Gen.John Weckerling to J.Edgar Hoover,July 31,1950,Einstein FBI files,box 2a.

[1387]参见foia,fbi.gov/foiaindex/einstein,htm。罗默斯坦(Herb Romerstein)和布兰德尔(Eric Breindel)的《维诺那秘密》(The Venona Secrets,New York:Regney,2000)是一本抨击苏联间谍的书,他们根据在美国的苏联特工发送的“维诺那”秘密电报行动。书中有一节“欺骗爱因斯坦”(第398页),它说,总人希望把爱因斯坦列为各种亲苏团体的“荣誉主席”,但他们说,没有证据显示爱因斯坦曾经参加过共产主义会议,他所做的仅仅是以自己的名义支持一些有时充当共产国际“前线机构”的听起来好听的组织机构,比如“工人国际救济会”等。

[1388]Marjorie Bishop,Our Neighbors on Eighth Street,and Maria Turbow Lam-pard,introduction,in Sergri Konenkov,The Uncommon Vision(New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,2000),52—54 and 192—195.

[1389]Pavel Sudoplatov,Special Tasks,updated edition(Back Bay,1995),appendix 8,p.493;Jerome 260&283;Sotheby’s catalogue,June 26,1988;Robin Pogrebin,Love Letters by Einstein at Auction,New York Times,June 1,1998.柯年科娃作为间谍的身份后来被其他材料所确证。

[1390]Einstein to Margarita Konenkova,Nov.27,1945,and June 1,1946,un-cataloguecd.

[1391]Einstein,Why Socialism?Monthly Review,May 1949,reprinted in Einstein 1954,151.

[1392]Princeton Herald,Sept.25,1942,in Sayen,219.

[1393]Einstein,The Negro Question,Pageanf,Jan.1946,in Einstein 1950a,132.

[1394]Jerome,71;Jerome and Taylor,88—91;Einstein Is Honored by Lincoln University,New York Times,May 4,1946.

[1395]Einstein,To the Heros of the Warsaw Ghetto,1944,in Einstein 1950a.

[1396]Einstein to James Franck,Dec.6,1945,AEA 11—60;Dec.30,1945,AEA 11—64.

[1397]Einstein to Verlag Vieweg,Mar.25,1947,AEA 42—172;Einstein to Otto Hahn,Jan.28,1949,AEA 12—72.

[1398]Brian 1996,340;Milton Wexler to Einstein,Sept.17,1944,AEA 55—48;Roberto Einstein to Einstein,Nov.27,1944,AEA 55—49.

[1399]Einstein to Clara Jacobson,May 7,1945,AEA 56—900.

[1400]Sayen,219.

[1401]Seelig 1956b,71.

[1402]Pais 1982,473.

[1403]参见Bird and Sherwin。

[1404]J,Robert Oppenheimer to Frank Oppenheimer,Jan,11,1935,in Alice Smith and Charles Weiner,eds.,Robert OpenhimrLetters and Recollections(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1980),190.

[1405]Sayen,225;J.Robert Oppenheimer,On Albert Einstein,New York Re-view of Books,Mar.17,1966.

[1406]Jim Holt,Time Bandits,New Yorker,Feb.28,2005;Yourgrau 1999,2005;Goldstein.Yourgrau 2005,3讨论了不完备性、相对论和不确定性与时代精神的关系。霍尔特的了他们共有的看法。

[1407]Goldstein,232 n.8说,可惜各种研究都没能发现哥德尔所看出的确切错误是什么。

[1408]Kurt Gödel,“Relativity and Idealistic Philosophy”,in Schilpp,558.

[1409]Yourgrau 2005,116.

[1410]Einstein,Reply to Criticisms,in Schilpp,687—688.

[1411]亚哈,《圣经》中邪恶的以色列王,娶腓尼基公主耶洗别(Jezebel)为妻。——译者注

[1412]以实玛利,《圣经》中亚伯拉罕和使女夏甲所生之子,在以撒出生后被弃。——译者注

[1413]Einstein to Han Muehsam,June 15,1942,AEA 38—337.

[1414]Hoffmann 1972,240.

[1415]Einstein 1949b,33.

[1416]Einsteinand Wolfgang Pauli,Non-Existence of Regular Solutions of Relativ-istic Field Equations,1943.

[1417]Einstein and Valentine Bargmann,Bivector Fields,1944.他有时被称为“Valentin”,但他在美国签的名字是“Valentine”。

[1418]Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,Jan.22,1946,AEA 22—93.

[1419]Erwin Schrödinger to Einstein,Feb.19,1946,AEA 22—94;Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,Apr 7,1946,AEA 22—103;Einstein to Erwin Schrödinger,May 20,1946,AEA 22—106;Einstein,Generalized Theory of Gravitation,1948,with subsequent addenda.

[1420]Einstein,The Meaning of Relativity,1950 edition,appendix 2,revised again for the 1954 edition;William Laurence,New Theory Gives A Master Key to the Universe,New York Times,Dec,27,1949;William Laurence,Einstein Publishes His Master Theory;Long-Awaited Chapter to Relativity Vol.Is Product of 30 Years of Labor;Revised at Last Minute,New York Times,Feb.15,1950.

[1421]Einstein to Maurice Solovine,Nov.25,1948,AEA 21—256;Mar.28,1949,AEA 21—260;Feb.12,1951,AEA 21—277.

[1422]Tilman Sauer,Dimensions of Einstein's Unified Field Theory Program,courtesy of the author;Hoffmann 1972,239;绍尔正在研究爱因斯坦晚年在场论方面的工作,感谢他的帮助。

[1423]Whitrow,xii.

[1424]Niels Bohr,Discussion with Einstein,in Schilpp,199.

[1425]Abraham Pais,in Rozental 1967,225;Clark,742.

[1426]John Wheeler,Memoir,in French,21;John Wheeler,Mentor and Sound-ing Board,in Brockman,31;Einstein quoted in Johanna Fantova joumal,Kov.1953.在1952年给贝索的信中,爱因斯坦还是一如既往地倔强。他坚持说,对自然的完备描述应当能够描述实在或“决定论的实在状态”,而不仅仅是描述观察。“正统的量子理论家通常(基于实证主义的考虑)拒绝承认在状态的概念,于是就落到与善良的贝克莱主教类似的境地去了。”Einstein to Michele Beso,Sept.10,1952,AEA 7—412。一个月后他又说:“量子理论宣称:规律并不涉及事物本身,而只涉及我们通过感知的……对此我不能苟同。”Einstein to Michele Besso,Oct.8,1952,AEA 7—414.

[1427]Einstein to Mileva Mari阅读 ‧ 电子书库 ,Dec,22,1946,AEA 75—845,

[1428]Fölsing 731;Highfield and Carter 253;Brian 1996,371;Einstein to Karl Zürcher,July 29,1947.

[1429]Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein,Jan.21,1948,AEA 75—959.

[1430]Einstein to Carl Seelig,Jan.4,1954,AEA 39—59;Fölsing,731.

[1431]动脉瘤是血管的扩张或膨胀,就像起水疱一样。腹部主动脉是连接心脏的大动脉之一,位于横膈膜与腹部之间。

[1432]Sayen,221;Pais,1982,475.

[1433]Sarasota Tribune,Mar.2,1949,AEA 30—1097;Bucky 131.杰里米·伯恩斯坦写道:“任何人只要跟杜卡斯女士待上5分钟,就能明白这种指控是多么愚不可及。”Bernstein 2001,109.

[1434]Hans Albert Einstein interview,in Whitrow,22.

[1435]“玛雅和保罗之间的矛盾正在加剧。他们应当离婚。保罗据说有了外遇,婚姻面临崩溃。不应当等待太久(就像我一样)……异族通婚没有任何好处(安娜说:哦!)。”Einstein to Michele Besso,Dec.12,1919。这里半开玩笑似的提到的安娜是指安娜·温特勒·贝索,即贝索的妻子、保罗·温特勒的妹妹。温特勒一家不是犹太人,贝索和爱因斯坦一家则是犹太人。

[1436]Highfield and Carter,248.

[1437]Einstein to Solovine,Nov.25,1948,AEA 21—256;Sayen,134.

[1438]Einstein to Lina Kocherthaler,Ju ly 27,1951,AEA 38—303;Sayen,231.

[1439]Einstein Repudiates Biography Written by His Ex-Son-in-Law,New York Times,Aug.5,1944;Frieda Bucky,You Have to Ask For giveness, Jewish Quarterly(winter 19671968),AEA 37—513.

[1440]Einstein Extolled by 300 Scientists,New York Times,Mar.20,1949;Sayen,227;Fölsing,735.

[1441]Einstein to Queen Mother Elisabeth of Belgium,Jan.6,1951,AEA 32—400;Sayen,139.

[1442]Einstein to Max Bom,Apr.12,1949,AEA8—223.

[1443]此处“Maccabee”恐系“Maccabees”或“Maccabaeus”之误。马加比(Judas Maccabaeus,? 前161),犹太游击队领导人,争取犹太人宗教信仰自由及政治独立,反抗叙利亚,重建犹太国,使犹太免于希腊化,后战死。——译者注

[1444]3,000 Hear Einstein at Seder Service,New York Times,Apr 18,1938;Einstein,Our Debt to Zionism,in Einstein 1954,190.

[1445]Einstein Condemns Rule in Palestine,New York Times,Jan.12,1946;Sayen,235—237;Stephen Wise to Einstein,Jan.14,1946,AEA 35—258;Ein-stein to Stephen Wise,Jan.14,1946,AEA 35—260.

[1446]Einstein Statement Assails Begin Party,New York Times,Dec.3,1948;Einstein Is Assailed by Menachim Begin,New York Times,Dec,7,1948.

[1447]Einstein to Hans Muehsam,Jan,22,1947,AEA 38—360,and Sept.24,1948,AEA 38—379.

[1448]Einstein to Lina Kocherthaler,May 4,1948,AEA 38—302.

[1449]Dukas interview in Sayen 245;Abba Eban to Einstein,Nov,17,1952,AEA 41—84;Einstein to Eban,Nov.18,1952,AEA 28—943.

[1450]爱因斯坦在创建希伯来大学方面所付出的艰苦努力在Parzen 1974中有所叙述。关于他与布兰迪斯大学的关系,参见Abram Sacher,Brandeis University(Waltham,Mass.:Brandeis University Press,1995),22。与他关系良好的一个地方是叶史瓦大学(Yeshiva University)。1952年,他被推选为在那里建造医学院的筹款运动的荣誉主席,第二年医学院以他的名字命名。感谢爱德华·伯恩斯(Edwad Bums)提供的信息。参见www.yu.edu/libraries/digital_library/einstein/panel10.html。

[1451]Einstein to Maariv newspaper editor Azriel Carlebach,Nov.21,1952,AEA 41—93;Sayen,247;Nathan and Norden,574;Einstein to Joseph Scharl,Nov.24,1952,AEA 41—107.

[1452]Yitzhak Navon,On Einstein and the Presidency of Israel,in Holton and El-kana,295.

[1453]Einstein to Queen Mother Elizabeth of Belgium,Jan,6,1951,AEA 32—400.

[1454]Einstein to Leopold Infeld,Oct.28,1952,AEA 14—173;Einstein to Russian students in Berlin,Apr 1,1952,AEA 59—218.

[1455]Einstein to T.E.Naiton,Oct.9,1952,AEA 60—664.

[1456]Einstein to Judge Irving Kaufman,Dec.23,1952,AEA 41—547.

[1457]Newark FBI Field Office to J.Ecgar Hoover,Apr.22,1953,Einstein FBI files,box 7.

[1458]Einsteinto Harry Truman,with 15 lines of equations on the other side,Jan.11,1953,AEA 41—551.

[1459]New York Times,Jan.13,1953.

[1460]Marian Rawles to Einstein,Jan.14,1953,AEA 41—629;Charles Wil-liams to Einstein,Jan.17,1953,AEA 41—651;Homer Greene to Einstein,Jan.15,1953,AEA 41—588;Joseph Heidt to Einstein,Jan.13,1953,AEA 41—589.

[1461]Einstein to William Douglas,June 23,1953,AEA 41—576;William Douglas to Einstein,June 30,1953,AEA 41—577.

[1462]Generosa Pope Jr.to Einstein,Jan.15,1953,AEA 41—625;Daniel James to Einstein,Jan.14,1953,AEA 41—614.

[1463]Einstein to Danirl James,Jan.15,1953,AEA 60—696;New York Times,Jan.22,1953.

[1464]Einstein,Acceptance of the Lord&Taylor Award,May 4,1953,AEA 28—979.在给时任《普林斯顿日报》的学生编辑克鲁格(Dick Klugr)的一封信中,他写道:“只要一个人没有‘社会契约’,那么任何人都调查他的信念。如果不遵守这一原则,思想就不可能自由发展。”Einstein to Dick Kluger,Sept.17,1953,in Kluger’s possession.

[1465]Einstein to William Frauenglass,May 16,1953,AEA 41—112;Refuse to Te stify Einstein Advises,New York Times,June 12,1953;Time,June 22,1953.

[1466]All of these editorials ran on June 13,1953,except the Chicago one,which ran on June 15.

[1467]Sam Epkin to Einstein from,June 15,1953,AEA 41—409;Victor Lasky to Einstein,June 1953,AEA 41—441;George Stringfellow to Einstein,June 15,1953,AEA 41—470.

[1468]New York Times,June 14,1953.

[1469]Bertrand Russell to New York Times,June 26,1953;Einstein to Bertrand Russell,June 28,1953,AEA 33—195.

[1470]Abraham Flexner to Einstein,June 12,1953,AEA 41—174;Shepherd Baum to Einstein,June 17,1953,AEA 41—202.

[1471]Ricchard Frauenglass to  Einstein,June 20,1953,AEA 41—181.

[1472]Sarah Shadowitz,Albert Shadowitz,Globe and Mail(Toronto),May 26,2004.作者是沙多维茨的女儿。

[1473]Sayen,273—276;Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations,Committee on Government Operations,Testimony of Albert Shadowitz,Dec,14,1953,and Report on the Proceedings Against Abert Shadowitz for Contempt of the Senate,July 16,1954;Albert Shadowitz to Einstein,Dec.14,1953,AEA 41—659;Einstein to Albert Shadowitz,Dec.15,1953,AEA 41—660.麦卡锡倒台后,1955年7月,沙多维茨于听取证词两年后被还以清白。

[1474]Jerome and Taylor,120—121.

[1475]Bird and Sherwin,133,495.

[1476]Bird and Sherwin,495.

[1477]James Reston,Dr.Oppenheimer Suspended by A.E.C,in Security Re-view,New York Times,Apr 13,1954.4月11日,星期天,约瑟夫·奥尔索普(Joseph Alsop)和斯图尔德·奥尔索普(Steward Alsop)曾经在其《纽约先驱论坛报》的专栏猜测,现在“顶尖物理学家”成了安全调查的对象,但并未提及奥本海默的名字。

[1478]Pais 1982,11;Bird and Sherwin,502—504.

[1479]Johanna Fantova’s journal,June 3,16,17,1954,in Calaprice,359.

[1480]Einstein to Herbert Lehman,May 19,1954,AEA 6—236.

[1481]Johanna Fantova’S journal,June 17,1954,in Calaprice,359.

[1482]Einstein to Norman Thomas,Mar.10,1954,AEA 61—549;Einstein to W.Stern,Jan.14,1954,AEA 61—470.亦参见Einstein to Felix Arnold,Mar.19,1954,AEA 59—118:“目前的调查要比国内那几个共产主义者对我们社会造成的威胁大得多。”

[1483]Johanna Fantova journal,Mar.4,1954,in Calaprice,356;Einstein to Queen Mother Elizabeth of Belgium,Mar.28,1954,AEA 32—410.

[1484]Theodore White,U.S.Science,The Reporter,Nov.11,1954.White后来撰写了The Making of the President系列丛书。

[1485]Johanna Fantova Journal,Mar.19,1954,in Calaprice,356.

[1486]Einstein eulogy for Rudolf Ladenbberg,Apr.1,1952,AEA 5—160.

[1487]Einstein to Jakob Ehrat,May 12,1952,AEA 59—554;Einstein to Ernesta Marangoni,Oct.1,1952,AEA 60—406;Einstein to Queen Mother Eliza-beth of Belgium,Jan.12,1953,AEA 32—405.

[1488]Einstein interview with Lili Foldes,The Etude,Jan,1947;Calaprice,150.关于爱因斯坦反复播放这张唱片的消息是一个认识晚年爱因斯坦的人告诉我的。

[1489]Einstein to Hans Muehsam,Mar.30,1954,AEA 38—434.

[1490]Einstein to Conrad Habicht and Maurice Solovine,Apr 3,1953,AEA 21—294;Einstein to Solovine,Feb.27,1955,AEA 21—306.

[1491]Sayen,294.

[1492]Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein,May 1,1954,AEA 75—918.

[1493]Einstein to Hans Albert Einstein,unfinished letter,Dec,28,1954,courtesy of Bcb Cohn,purchased at Christie’s sale,Einstein Family Xorrespon Gence.

[1494]Gertrude Samuels,Einstein,at 75,Is Still a Rebel,New York Times Magazine,Mar.14,1954.

[1495]Johanna Fantova journal,1954,in Calaprice,354—363,

[1496]Wolfgang Pauti to Max Bom,Mar.3,1954,in Bom 2005,213.

[1497]Einstein to Michele Besso,Aug.10,1954,AEA 7—420.

[1498]Einstein to Louis de Broglie,Feb.8,1954,AEA 8—311.

[1499]Einstein 1916,final appendix to the 1954 edition,178.

[1500]Bertrand Russell to Einstein,Feb.11,1955,AEA 33—199;Einstein to Bertrand Russell,Feb.16,1955,AEA 33—200.

[1501]Einstein to Niels Bohr,Mar.2,1955,AEA 33—204.

[1502]Bertrand Russell,Manifesto by Scientists for Abolition of War,sent to Ein-stein on Apr.5,1955,AEA 33—209,and issued publicly July 9,1955.

[1503]Einstein to Farmingdale Elementary School,Mar.26,1955,AEA 59—632;Alice Calaprice,e d,Dear Professor Einstein(New York:Prometheus,2002),219.

[1504]Einstein to Vero and Bice Besso,Mar.21,1955,AEA 7—245.

[1505]Eric Rogers,The Equivalence Principle Demonstrated,in French,131;I,Bernard Cohen,”An Interview with Einstein,”Scientific American(July 1955).

[1506]Whitrow,90;Einstein to Bertrand Russell,Apr.11,1955,AEA 33—212.

[1507]Einstein to Zvi Lurie,Jan.5,1955,AEA 60—388;Abba Eban,An Autobiography(New York:Random House,1977),191;Nathan and Norden,640.

[1508]Helen Dukas,Einstein’s Last Days,AEA 39—71;Calaprice,369;Pais 1982,477.

[1509]Helen Dukas,Einstein’s Last Days,AEA 39—71;Helen Dukas to Abra-ham Pais,Apr.30,1955,Pais 1982,477.

[1510]Michelmore,261.

[1511]Nathan and Norden,640.

[1512]Einstein,final calculations,AEA 3—12.最后一页可见于www.al-berteinstein.info/db/View Image.do?Document ID=34430&Page=12。

[1513]Michelmore,262.由逻辑学家哥德尔等人做证的爱因斯坦的遗嘱规定,杜卡斯获得20000美元、他的大部分私人财产和书,以及她去世前(1982年)他的版税收入。汉斯·阿尔伯特只得到了10000美元,1973年,他在马萨诸塞州的伍兹霍尔(Woods Hole)作访问学者时去世,有一个儿子和一个女儿。爱因斯坦另一个儿子爱德华得到了15000美元,在苏黎世精神病院继续进行治疗,他死于1965年。他的继女玛戈特得到了20000美元和梅瑟街的房子(实际上已经在她名下),1986年在那里去世。杜卡斯和纳坦成为遗稿保管人,他们忠心耿耿地保护着爱因斯坦的名誉和书稿,以至于多年来,只要传记作家和爱因斯坦文集的编者试图出版任何触及他私人方面的内容都会碰钉子。

[1514]Einstein the Revolutionist,New York Times,Apr.19,1955;Time,May2,1955.《普林斯顿日报号外的leadstory由《泰晤士报》未来的通讯记者R.W.“johnn”Apple执笔。

[1515]有两本引人入胜的书专门讲述了这个不可思议的故事:一本是卡罗琳·亚伯拉罕(Carolyn Abraham)的《拥有天才》(Possessing Genius),它对爱因斯坦大脑的冒险之旅做了全面的叙述;另一本是米夏埃尔·帕特尼提(Michael Paterniti)的《运送阿尔伯特先生》(Driving Mr.Albert),它以轻松的笔调讲述了一次横跨美国的旅行,这辆租来的别克车的行李箱里装爱因斯坦的大脑。还有一些纪念文章,包括Steven Levy's My Search for Einstein's Brain,New Jersey Monthly,Aug,1978;Gina Maranto’s,The Bizarre Fate of Einstein S Brain,Discover,May 1985;Scott Mc Cartney,The Hidden Secrets of Einstein's Brain are Still a Mystery,Wall Street Jornal,May 5,1994。不仅如此,爱因斯坦的眼科医师艾布拉姆斯当时恰好走到了解剖室,他取走了爱因斯坦的眼球,将其保存在新泽西的一个保险箱中。

[1516]Abmham,22.这个女孩长大后,亚伯拉罕于2000年采访了她。

[1517]Son Asked Study of Einstein,s Brain,New York Times,Apr.20,1955;Abraham,75.哈维表示,他将把大脑送到纽约的蒙特菲奥里(M ontefiore)医学中心进行研究。但是当那里的医生翘首企盼时,他却改变了想法,决定由自己保存。这一争论上了报纸。《芝加哥论坛报》的报道是:“Doctors Rowover Brain of Dr.Einstein”,Abraham 83,citing Chicago Daily Tribune,Apr 20,1955。

[1518]Levy 1978,亦参见www,echonyc,com/〜steven/einstein.html。

[1519]关于对这件事情的记述,参见Abraham,214—230。

[1520]Bill Toland,Doctor Kept Einstein's Brain in Jar 43 Years;Seven Years Ago,He Got“Tired of the Responsibility”,Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,Apr.17,2005.

[1521]Marian Diamond,On the Brain of a Scientist,Experimental Neurology 88(1985);www.newhorizons.org/neuro/diamond_einstein.htm.

[1522]Sandra Witelson et al.,The Exceptional Brain of Albert Einstein,Lancet June 19,1999;Lawrence K.Altman,Key to Intellect May Lie in Folds of Einstein’s Brain,New York Times,June 18,1999;www.fhs.mcmaster.ca/psychiatryneuro-science/faculty/witelson/;Steven Pinker,His Brain Measured Up,New York Times June 24,1999.

[1523]Einstein to Carl Seelig,Mar.11,1952,AEA 39—013.亦参见Bucky,29:“我并非比别人更有天赋。我只是比一般人更有好奇心,在找到问题的恰当解答之前不会放弃。”

[1524]Seelig 1956a,70.

[1525]Bom 1978,202.

[1526]Einstein to William Miller,quoted in Life magazine,May 2,1955,in Calaprice,261.

[1527]Hans Tanner,quoted in Seelig 1956a,103.

[1528]André Maurois,Illusions(New York:Coumbia University Press 1968),35,courtesy of Eric Motley.佩斯是1960年诺贝尔文学奖得主,原名玛丽·勒内·奥古斯特(Marie RenAuguste)。

[1529]Newton’s Principia,book 3;Einstein,On the Method of Theoretical Physics,the Herbert Spencer lecture,Oxford,June 10,1933,in Einstein 1954,274.

[1530]Clark,649.

[1531]Lee Smolin,Einstein’s Lonely Path,Discover(Sept,2004).

[1532]Einstein’s foreword to Galileo Galilei,DIalogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems(Berkeley:University of California Press,2001),xv.

[1533]Einstein,Freedom and Science,in Ruth Anshen,ed.,Freedom,Its Meaning(New York:Harcourt,Brace,1940),92,reprinted in part in Einstein 1954,31.

[1534]Einstein to Phyllis Wright,Jan.24,1936,AEA 52—337.

[1535]Einstein to Herbett S.Goldstein,Apr.25,1929,AEA 33—272.关于对迈蒙尼德(M aimonides)和犹太思想中神恩的讨论,参见Marvin Fox,Interpreting Maimonides(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1990),229—250。

[1536]Banesh Hoffmann,in Harry Woolf,ed.,Some Strangeness in the Proportion(Saddle River,N.J.:Addison-Wesley,1980),476.